Uso de leito de macrofitas no tratamento de aguas residuarias

Orientador: Denis Miguel RostonDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia AgricolaResumo: Este traballio visou avaliar, por um período de seis meses (set/97 a fev/98), o desempenho de leitos com escoamento subsuperficial, cultivados com macrófitas emergentes, no tratamento de águas residuárias primárias do Centro Pluridisciplinar de Pesquisas Químicas, Biológicas e Agrícolas da UNICAMP. O experimento consistiu na implantação e operação de uma planta piloto composta por quatro leitos -área de 4,24 m2e altura de 0,60 m -construídos em blocos de concreto acima do níveldo solo. O desempenho dos leitos foi comparado em termos de redução de demanda quúnica de oxigênio, remoção de nitrogênio como total Kjeldabl, fósforo total como pol-, coliformes totais e fecais, considerando-se o tamanho da brita usada como meio suporte nos leitos (55 a 90 mm ou 90 a 135 mm), a presença de macrófitas (um dos leitos permaneceu sem cultivo para controle do experimento) e a espécie cultivada (a espécie híbrida Typha dominguensis Pers. x Typha latifolia L. ou a espécie Eleocharis fistulosa). Uma taxa orgânica média de 142,6 KgDQOlha.dia foi aplicada aos leitos; estimou-se o tempo médio de detenção hidráulica em 2,5 dias. Para as análises químicas, os melhores resultados médios mensais foram obtidos nos leitos cultivados, contendo brita de 55-90 mm como meio suporte. A máxima redução de DQO, igual a 82,7%, e a máxima remoção de fósforo total como pol-, igual a 86,4%, foram obtidas no leito cultivado com Typha dominguensis Pers. x Typha latifolia L.. A máxima remoção de nitrogênio como total Kjeldabl, igual a 91,8%, foi obtida no leito cultivado com Eleocharis fistulosa. No geral, obteve-se um acréscimo no número mais provável de coliformes totais e fecais no efluente de todos os leitos; porém, neste caso os resultados foram inconclusivos por restrições impostas pelo relativamente pequeno conjunto de dados. Todos os resultados obtidos neste experimento devem ser considerados informativos acerca do desempenho dos leitos na sua concepção, ao invés de medidas de seu desempenho médio após estabelecimento das plantas. Através de processamento de imagens, calculou-se o comprimento das raizes de Typha dominguensis Pers. x Typha latifolia L. transplantadas em leitos contendo brita de 90-135 mm e 55-90 mm como 1.161 me 1.315,8 m, respectivamente. As áreas superficiais totais médias de raiz contidas em cada leito, estimadas a partir destes valores, foram de 1.011 m2 e 1.145,8 m2, respectivamente. Quanto 'a adaptação das espécies cultivadas nos leitos, a E/eocharis mostrou-se mais resistente e vigorosa que a Typha em relação às condições adversas enftentadas durante o transplante e adaptação, porém apresentou desenvolvimento mais lento em termos de lançamento de brotos, crescimento e espalhamento no leito, devido às características peculiares da espécieAbstract: In this study, four pilot-scale subsurface flow constructed wetlands (4xlm, depth 0.6m) were tested for the treatment of primary settled wastewater ttom CPQBA - UNICAMP. The units were constructed above soillevel with concrete bricks. Experiments were carried out over a period of 6 months (sept/97 to febr/98) to compare the influence of the graveI media size range (135-90 mm or 55-90 mm) and presence of macrophytes (the hybrid specie Typha dominguensis Pers. x Typha latifolia L. or the specie Eleocharis fistulosa) on the eft1uent quality - one unit was kept unplanted. The averaged loading rate applied to the units was 142.6 kgCOD/ha.d and the estimated hydraulic retention time was 2.5 days. The units performances were measured by comparing monthly averaged reduction concentrations of 1000sof chemical oxygen demand, total phosphorus as PO/-, nitrogen as total Kjeldahl, and MPN of total and fecal coliforms. To date, the results indicate that the planted units filled with gravei media size ranging ttom 55 to 90 mm showed a higher COD and nutrient removal. The Eleocharis spp. unit showed the greatest TKN uptake capacity (91,8%) while the Typha dominguensis Pers. x Typha latifolia L. unit showed better result in removing COD and total phosphorus (82,7% and 86,4%, respectively). However, there were not improvements in the eft1uentquality concerning total and fecaI coliforms during the period of monitoring - despite the increase in MPN of total and fecal coliforms obtained, the small set ofresults did not alIow conclusions in this case. Total averege removal.results for alI the parameters analyzed will only be obtained after complete vegetation establishment in the units. Estimates of initial averaged superficial root area for the 135-90 mm and 55-90 mm Typha dominguensis Pers. x Typha latifolia L. units were obtained through an image processing method as being 1012m2and 1146.93m2,respectively. This species showed fàster propagation in the units, despite its more difficult adaptation to them, compared to EleocharisfistulosaMestradoAgua e SoloMestre em Engenharia Agrícol

Potencial de poluição de aguas superficiais por fontes não pontuais de fosforo na Bacia hidrografica do Ribeirão do Pinhal, Limeira- SP

Orientadores: Denis Miguel Roston, Jose Teixeira FilhoTese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia AgricolaResumo: Em áreas rurais onde há intensa atividade agrícola, a eutrofização de corpos de água pode ser acelerada pelo influxo de nutrientes, provenientes de fertilizantes, transportados por escoamento superficial. A eutrofização pode provocar mudanças indesejáveis na estrutura e funções do ecossistema, bem como na qualidade da água destinada ao abastecimento. O controle dos níveis de P nas águas superficiais é tido como a melhor maneira de minimizar a eutrofização, uma vez que o P é identificado como um nutriente limitante para o crescimento de algas. As águas da bacia do rio Piracicaba recebem grande aporte de efluentes domésticos e industriais pontuais, bem como grande aporte de efluentes agrícolas difusos, tendo sido documentado aí um elevado grau de eutrofização. Uma avaliação preliminar das contribuições difusas de nutrientes às águas superficiais da bacia hidrográfica do rio Jaguari - formador do rio Piracicaba - feita a partir de dados oficiais em uma área de estudo de 3394 Km2, mostrou que 68,2% da carga total anual de Ntotal e 77,3% da carga total anual de Ptotal foram transportados nos meses de chuva. Ao se estimar a razão entre a carga média anual de origem rural (difusa) e urbana (pontual), obteve-se o valor de 1,3 para o Ntotal e 2,6 para o Ptotal; os coeficientes de exportação a partir da área rural foram estimados em 2,3 Kg Ntotal.ha-I.ano-l e 0,4 Kg Ptotal.ha-l.ano-l. A área de drenagem da bacia do ribeirão do Pinhal - afluente do rio Jaguari e manancial de abastecimento de Limeira, SP - foi o foco principal deste estudo, ocorrido entre fevereiro de 2003 e fevereiro de 2004. Estimou-se, para uma área de 301,4 Km2 de ocupação majoritariamente agrícola, a quantidade de P aplicada ao solo como fertilizante, obtendo-se um total de 820 ton.anoo1, dos quais inferiu-se que 23% foram exportados pela biomassa. Monitorou-se, no mesmo período, as concentrações de Ptotal e SStotais em cinco pontos da bacia do ribeirão do Pinhal, objetivando a estimativa de fluxos. As cargas anuais de Ptotal e SStotais obtidas na entrada do reservatório do Tatu foram iguais a 5,7 e 2160 ton.ano-I, respectivamente, sendo que 67,5% do Ptotal e 84,5% dos SStotais foram transportados no período chuvoso. Os coeficientes de exportação obtidos na entrada do reservatório foram iguais a 0,2 KgPtotal.haol.anool e 7,4 tonSStotaiS.Km-2.ano-l. Ao se inferir sobre as cargas difusas de Ptotal transportadas por escoamento superficial pelo ribeirão do Pinhal, obteve-se uma razão de 0,6 entre a carga anual de origem difusa e aquela pontual, apontando a importância desta última na bacia. Por fim, fez-se um levantamento limnológico do reservatório do Tatu, e observou-se que o IET referente ao Ptotal e à clorofila a indicou estado eutrófico na cabeceira e barragem; entretanto, é provável que a alta taxa de descarga esteja limitando a proliferação de algas no reservatório. De modo geral, verificou-se preliminarmente a importância da poluição difusa de Ptotab de origem rural, na degradação das águas superficiais da bacia do rio Jaguari. Por outro lado, focando na bacia do ribeirão do Pinhal, concluiu-se que as altas concentrações de Ptotal aí obtidas foram influenciadas pela atividade industrial e ocupação humana, influência esta que se sobrepôs àquela do arraste de partículas causado pelo escoamento superficial decorrente das precipitaçõesAbstract: Intensive agricultural activities are known to cause anthropogenic inputs ofnutrients to surface waters in rural areas. The nutrient enrichment of water bodies, or eutrophication, can lead to highly undesirable changes in ecosystem structure and function, as well as in water quality for human consumption. It is known that nutrient loading restriction - specially the limiting nutrient phosphorus - is the essential comerstone of aquatic eutrophication controI. In a preliminary study, official water quality and flow data from Jaguari River were used to assess the diffuse loads of nutrients from rural areas into surface waters. Results showed that, in average, 68.2% of the TN annualloads and 77.3% of the TP annualloads were transported through a 3394 Km2 area during the raining season. The annual diffuse loads obtained coming primarily from rural sources - were equivalent to 55.1% and 69.4% ofthe total annual loads of TN and TP transported through the sub-basin, respectively. The mean export coefficients from diffuse loads were equal to 2.3 Kg TN.ha-1.year-1 and 0.4 Kg TP.ha-'.year-1. The main part of this study was realized at the Ribeirão do Pinhal - a Jaguari River affluent from February 2003 to February 2004. The annual phosphorus load applied as fertilizer to an area of301.4 Km2 ofthe ribeirão do Pinhal watershed was estimated to be 820 ton.year-', and 23% of it was calculated to be exported by the biomass of the agricultural fields. These results were based on the soil use and occupation of the area, mainly rural, producing basically sugarcane and citrus. The field sampling of Ribeirão do Pinhal superficial waters was done twice a month, in five locations at the watershed. Samples were analyzed for TP and TSS; the totalloads obtained were equal to 5.7 e 2160 ton.year-', respectively, at the entrance ofTatu reservoir; 67.5% of TP and 84.5% of TSS were transported during the raining season (October-March). The export coefficients obtained were equal to 7.4 ton TSS.Km-2.year-1 and 0.2 Kg TP.ha-1.year"'. A limnological profile of the Tatu reservoir was determined through field sampling in three locations on both dry and wet periods; results showed a eutrophic state at the entrance of the reservoir as well as at the damo Yet, the flushing rate is the possible limiting factor for the occurrence of eutrophication at the reservoir. In general, the importance of diffuse pollution, originally from rural areas, was verified at the Jaguari River watershed. On the other hand, at the Ribeirão do Pinhal watershed, the high TP concentrations observed were most1y influenced by the industrial and human activities occurring in the areaDoutoradoAgua e SoloDoutor em Engenharia Agrícol

Del Compromiso Presencial al Virtual: Adaptaciones de un Proceso Participativo para el Diseño de una Política Pública de Basura Marina en Brasil

Marine litter is a transversal issue that affects the envi- ronment and society in a multitude of ways. As such, solutions to this problem are complex and demand the engagement of multiple sectors of society. The São Paulo Strategic Plan for Monitoring and Assessment of Marine Litter (PEMALM) is the first public policy of its kind, seeking to establish indicators and build knowledge to move towards a plan to combat marine litter in the most populous state in Brazil. From its inception, PEMALM has sought to establish a participative construction frame- work, involving key stakeholders at each step. When the Covid-19 pandemic struck, the participative construction process had to be adapted. Here we present and discuss the strategies applied in the participatory process of PEMALM to guarantee the remote engagement of stakeholders. Three participatory milestones were part of the final policy-making process: a first in-person workshop which gathered stakeholders in a single location, a series of in-person meetings in which the project team travelled to where the stake- holders are located, and, due to the Covid-19 pandemic, an entirely virtual workshop. Sector participation was found to be alike for online and on-site events, with higher participation of the public sector, followed by academia, NGOs and the private sector in both. The adjustments and the adaptive effort placed on the participatory process due to the Covid-19 pandemic, such as being dedicated and attentive to the needs of attendees, expanding the modes of interaction and promoting a flexible and light schedule to reduce online fatigue, guaranteed the quality of stakeholder engagement and participation. The positive accomplishments of the hybrid strategy used in building PEMALM as a public policy exemplifies ways to facilitate and broaden participation in the co-construction under mobility restrictions.Marine litter is a transversal issue that affects the envi- ronment and society in a multitude of ways. As such, solutions to this problem are complex and demand the engagement of multiple sectors of society. The São Paulo Strategic Plan for Monitoring and Assessment of Marine Litter (PEMALM) is the first public policy of its kind, seeking to establish indicators and build knowledge to move towards a plan to combat marine litter in the most populous state in Brazil. From its inception, PEMALM has sought to establish a participative construction frame- work, involving key stakeholders at each step. When the Covid-19 pandemic struck, the participative construction process had to be adapted. Here we present and discuss the strategies applied in the participatory process of PEMALM to guarantee the remote engagement of stakeholders. Three participatory milestones were part of the final policy-making process: a first in-person workshop which gathered stakeholders in a single location, a series of in-person meetings in which the project team travelled to where the stake- holders are located, and, due to the Covid-19 pandemic, an entirely virtual workshop. Sector participation was found to be alike for online and on-site events, with higher participation of the public sector, followed by academia, NGOs and the private sector in both. The adjustments and the adaptive effort placed on the participatory process due to the Covid-19 pandemic, such as being dedicated and attentive to the needs of attendees, expanding the modes of interaction and promoting a flexible and light schedule to reduce online fatigue, guaranteed the quality of stakeholder engagement and participation. The positive accomplishments of the hybrid strategy used in building PEMALM as a public policy exemplifies ways to facilitate and broaden participation in the co-construction under mobility restrictions

Consistent patterns of common species across tropical tree communities

Trees structure the Earth’s most biodiverse ecosystem, tropical forests. The vast number of tree species presents a formidable challenge to understanding these forests, including their response to environmental change, as very little is known about most tropical tree species. A focus on the common species may circumvent this challenge. Here we investigate abundance patterns of common tree species using inventory data on 1,003,805 trees with trunk diameters of at least 10 cm across 1,568 locations1,2,3,4,5,6 in closed-canopy, structurally intact old-growth tropical forests in Africa, Amazonia and Southeast Asia. We estimate that 2.2%, 2.2% and 2.3% of species comprise 50% of the tropical trees in these regions, respectively. Extrapolating across all closed-canopy tropical forests, we estimate that just 1,053 species comprise half of Earth’s 800 billion tropical trees with trunk diameters of at least 10 cm. Despite differing biogeographic, climatic and anthropogenic histories7, we find notably consistent patterns of common species and species abundance distributions across the continents. This suggests that fundamental mechanisms of tree community assembly may apply to all tropical forests. Resampling analyses show that the most common species are likely to belong to a manageable list of known species, enabling targeted efforts to understand their ecology. Although they do not detract from the importance of rare species, our results open new opportunities to understand the world’s most diverse forests, including modelling their response to environmental change, by focusing on the common species that constitute the majority of their trees.Publisher PDFPeer reviewe

Phylogenetic classification of the world's tropical forests

Knowledge about the biogeographic affinities of the world’s tropical forests helps to better understand regional differences in forest structure, diversity, composition, and dynamics. Such understanding will enable anticipation of region-specific responses to global environmental change. Modern phylogenies, in combination with broad coverage of species inventory data, now allow for global biogeographic analyses that take species evolutionary distance into account. Here we present a classification of the world’s tropical forests based on their phylogenetic similarity. We identify five principal floristic regions and their floristic relationships: (i) Indo-Pacific, (ii) Subtropical, (iii) African, (iv) American, and (v) Dry forests. Our results do not support the traditional neo- versus paleotropical forest division but instead separate the combined American and African forests from their Indo-Pacific counterparts. We also find indications for the existence of a global dry forest region, with representatives in America, Africa, Madagascar, and India. Additionally, a northern-hemisphere Subtropical forest region was identified with representatives in Asia and America, providing support for a link between Asian and American northern-hemisphere forests.</p

Energy, environment and economy: Brazil in the world context

The cycle of fossil fuels as an energy source for mankind is approaching its end. Finite resources, coupled with greenhouse gas, have led to an increased effort in the search for alternative renewable energy sources. Brazil has a leading position, due to a 46% participation of renewable sources in its primary energy supply, compared to the global average of 12%. The expansion of the renewable sources in Brazil depends on medium and long term planning, and a large volume of investments. The present financial crisis will have major effects in the energy market. Despite a negative initial impact, it is expected that the rearrangement of the financial system will ultimately lead to an expansion in the use of renewable energy sources. Brazil is a tropical country, with the largest biodiversity in our planet and excellent conditions to expand the use of all forms of renewable sources