The influence of environmental variations on the phenolic compound profiles and antioxidant activity of two medicinal Patagonian valerians (Valeriana carnosa Sm. and V. clarionifolia Phil.)

Valeriana carnosa and V. clarionifolia stand out as principal elements in the indigenous pharmacopeias of Patagonia; however, their phytochemical characterization is unknown. This study constitutes the starting point of a general project that aims to characterize secondary metabolites in these species. The variability of phenolic compounds in root ethanolic extracts was analyzed and compared for thirteen populations of V. carnosa and two of V. clarionifolia from the south of Argentinean Patagonia. Phenolic content was quantified by the Folin-Ciocalteu method and the putative phenolic compound profiles were investigated using HPLC-UV-MS. Antioxidant activity was evaluated through 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging assays. Total phenolic content values ranged from 5.6 to 16.6 mg GAE/g in V. carnosa and 7.3 to 9.7 mg GAE/g in V. clarionifolia. Antioxidant evaluation results evidenced that the percentage of neutralized DPPH varied between 26% and 85% in V. carnosa and 39% and 58% in V. clarionifolia. A positive correlation between total phenolic content and antioxidant activity (r = 0.90) was observed. In V. carnosa total phenolic content was not correlated with altitude or latitude (p > 0.05), and chemical variability seems to be associated with genetic variability and/or different growing habitats (microclimatic conditions). However, the presence of some specific phenolic compounds was associated with latitude. In V. carnosa and V. clarionifolia 15 and 10 phenolic compounds were tentatively identified, respectively, and several of these are reported to have beneficial attributes from a phytomedical viewpoint. This study contributes to the phytochemical characterization project of these two medicinal valerians from Patagonia.EEA EsquelFil: Nagahama, Nicolas. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agroforestal Esquel; ArgentinaFil: Gastaldi, Bruno. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas; Argentina.Fil: Gastaldi, Bruno. Universidad Nacional de la Patagonia San Juan Bosco. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Ciencias de la Salud. Laboratorio de Investigación de Plantas Aromáticas y Medicinales Nativas; Argentina.Fil: Clifford, Michael. University of Surrey. School of Bioscience and Medicine; Reino Unidos. Monash University. Department of Nutrition, Dietetics and Food; Australia.Fil: Manifesto, María Marcela. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Instituto de Recursos Biológicos; Argentina.Fil: Fortunato, Renee Hersilia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas; Argentina.Fil: Fortunato, Renee Hersilia. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Instituto de Recursos Biológicos; Argentina

Development of anthocyanin markers: gene mapping, genomic analysis and genetic diversity studies in Ipomoea species

The anthocyanins are pigments responsible for a wide range of colours in plants, from blue, red and purple, play essential biological roles as well as their genes are evolutionarily conserved. Purple sweet potatoes have anthocyanins as the predominant colour, even though they are present in orange roots masked by carotenoids. Several studies have focused on molecular aspects of anthocyanin genes, mainly in wild Ipomoea species, although the structure and segregation analysis of those genes in sweet potato hexaploid species are still unknown. Based on an “exon-primed intron crossing” (EPIC) approach, fourteen pairs of primers were designed, on fi ve structural anthocyanin genes as candidates. The strategy exploits the Intron Length Polymorphism (ILP) from Candidate Genes (CG), resulting in 93% of successful markers giving scorable and reproducible alleles. The results allowed to defi ne partial structure and sequence of the introns and exons from the selected CG, and to determine patterns of sequence variation. The evaluation of marker dosage and allelic segregations in an Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam mapping population identifi ed several alleles for linkage analysis. The study validated the utility of ILP-CG markers for genetic diversity and conservation applicability and a successful amplifi cation gradient across wild Ipomoea species validated their transferabilityFil: Arizio, Carla Marcela. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Instituto de Recursos Biológicos; ArgentinaFil: Costa Tártara, Sabrina María. Universidad Nacional de Luján; ArgentinaFil: Zunino, Ignacio. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Pergamino. Agencia de Extensión Rural Mercedes; ArgentinaFil: Manifesto, Maria Marcela. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Instituto de Recursos Biológicos; Argentin

Genetic structure in cultivated quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.), a reflection of landscape structure in Northwest Argentina

1027-1038Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.), one of the main crops domesticated in the Andean highlands 1,000 of years ago, played an important role as a protein source. 35 germplasm accessions collected along the Northwest Argentina (NWA) region were studied using 22 microsatellite (SSR) markers. Results showed a great level of genetic diversity, differing from previous reports about the geographical distribution of quinoa variability. All SSR loci analysed were highly polymorphic detecting a total of 354 alleles among all populations, with an average of 16 alleles per locus. Cluster analyses grouped the accessions into four main clusters at the average genetic distance level (0.80), each of which represented a different environment of the NWA region: Puna (UHe = 0.42, ±0.07 SE), Dry Valleys (UHe = 0.27, ±0.05 SE), Eastern Humid Valleys (UHe = 0.16, ±0.04 SE) and a transition area with high altitudes between the last two environments (UHe = 0.25, ±0.03 SE). An eastward decreasing genetic diversity gradient was found. AMOVA analyses showed a strong genetic structure: a high population subdivision relative to the grouping by region (Fsr = 0.47) together with a high genetic differentiation among populations (Fst = 0.58) and a heterozygous defect (Fis = 0.63) in each of them. The variability structure, a reflection of the structure of the NWA landscapes, is discussed in connection with environmental variables

Análisis de caracteres relacionados con el color de la raíz engrosada en un cruzamiento de dos clones de Ipomoea batatas L. (Lam.)

El color es un atributo importante en las hortalizas al influir en la decisión de elección del consumidor, y algunos pigmentos asociados a esos colores les confieren propiedades funcionales. El objetivo de este trabajo fue analizar la existencia de efecto materno, y la ocurrencia de asociación entre los colores de piel y pulpa de la raíz engrosada en batata (Ipomoea batatas L. Lam.). Se observaron genotipos con valores de color superiores e inferiores a los progenitores. No se observó efecto de la dirección del cruzamiento, lo que indica ausencia de efecto materno en los parámetros analizados. Se observó dominancia incompleta de la piel "con pigmentos antociánicos" sobre la piel color blanco/crema, mientras que en la pulpa hubo dominancia incompleta de blanco/crema sobre naranja. Se observó asociación de los colores de piel y pulpa siendo la combinación más esperada "piel con antocianinas y pulpa blanco/crema" y la menos esperada "blanco/crema con naranja ya sea en la piel o en la pulpa". Este trabajo es parte del desarrollo de un mapa de ligamiento que permitirá la localización relativa de los genes involucrados en la síntesis de los pigmentos descriptos en la bibliografía en raíces tuberosas de batata.Color is a major factor in consumer's (consumer's preference) buying choices, and pigments responsible for color have functional properties. The aim of this work were to determine the existence of a maternal effect, and whether there is association between skin and flesh color of the sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas L. Lam) tuberous root. There were genotypes with higher and lower values of color than their progenitors. The direction of the crosses did not affect color variables, what suggests that there was not a maternal effect. Skin with anthocyanic pigments was incompletely dominant over white/cream skin, meanwhile white/cream flesh was incompletely dominant over orange flesh. Flesh and skin color were associated, being "skin with anthocyanins with white/cream flesh" the most frequent combination and "white/cream with orange skin or flesh" the less frequent. This work is part of the development of a linkage map which will allow the relative localization of reported genes involved in pigment synthesis in tuberous roots of sweet potatoes.Fil: Arizio, Carla Marcela. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Instituto de Recursos Biológicos; ArgentinaFil: Manifesto, Maria Marcela. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Instituto de Recursos Biológicos; ArgentinaFil: Martí, Héctor Rubén. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria San Pedro; Argentin

Genetic structure in cultivated quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.), a reflection of landscape structure in Northwest Argentina

Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.), one of the main crops domesticated in the Andean highlands 1,000 of years ago, played an important role as a protein source. 35 germplasm accessions collected along the Northwest Argentina (NWA) region were studied using 22 microsat- ellite (SSR) markers. Results showed a great level of genetic diversity, differing from previous reports about the geographical distribution of quinoa variability. All SSR loci analysed were highly polymorphic detecting a total of 354 alleles among all populations, with an average of 16 alleles per locus. Cluster analyses grouped the accessions into four main clusters at the average genetic distance level (0.80), each of which represented a different environment of the NWA region: Puna (UHe = 0.42, ±0.07 SE), Dry Valleys (UHe = 0.27, ±0.05 SE), Eastern Humid Valleys (UHe = 0.16, ±0.04 SE) and a transition area with high altitudes between the last two environments (UHe = 0.25, ±0.03 SE). An eastward decreasing genetic diversity gra- dient was found. AMOVA analyses showed a strong genetic structure: a high population subdivision relative to the grouping by region (Fsr = 0.47) together with a high genetic differentiation among populations (Fst = 0.58) and a heterozygous defect (Fis = 0.63) in each of them. The variability structure, a reflection of the structure of the NWA landscapes, is discussed in connection with envi- ronmental variables.Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias y Forestale

Effect of allelic variation at the Glu-3/Gli-1 loci on breadmaking quality parameters in hexaploid wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

Low molecular weight glutenin subunits (LMW-GS) encoded by the Glu-3 loci are known to contribute to wheat breadmaking quality. However, the specific effect of individual Glu-3 alleles is not well understood due to their complex protein banding patterns in SDS-PAGE and tight linkage with gliadins at the Gli-1 locus. Using DNA markers and a backcross program we developed a set of nine near isogenic lines (NILs) including different Glu-A3/GliA-1 or Glu-B3/Gli-B1 alleles in the genetic background of the Argentine variety ProINTA Imperial. The nine NILs and the control were evaluated in three different field trials in Argentina. Significant genotype-by-environment interactions were detected for most quality parameters indicating that the effects of the Glu-3/Gli-1 alleles are modulated by environmental differences. None of the NILs showed differences in total flour protein content, but relative changes in the abundance of particular classes of proteins cannot be ruled out. On average, the Glu-A3f, Glu-B3b, Glu-B3g and Glu-B3i(Man) alleles were associated with the highest values in gluten strength-related parameters, while Glu-A3e, Glu-B3a and Glu-B3i(Chu) were consistently associated with weak gluten and low quality values. The value of different Glu3/Gli-1 allele combinations to improve breadmaking quality is discussed

Selección y caracterización preliminar de una población de mapeo por asociación basada en germoplasma de maní

El carbón del maní es causado por el hongo Thecaphora frezii. En la actualidad, las mayores pérdidas económicas del sector son generadas por esta enfermedad. Por ello, el desafío actual es elaborar estrategias de manejo que minimicen la intensidad de esta patología o permitan su control reduciendo las pérdidas de producción.Fil: Moreno, Maria Valeria. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Manfredi; ArgentinaFil: Mamani, Eva Maria Celia. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Manfredi; ArgentinaFil: Grandon, Nancy Gabriela. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Manfredi; ArgentinaFil: Baldessari, Jorge Javier. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Manfredi; ArgentinaFil: Funes, F. Universidad Nacional de Villa María; ArgentinaFil: Etchart, Valeria Juliana. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Instituto de Genética; ArgentinaFil: Manifesto, Maria Marcela. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Instituto de Recursos Biológicos; Argentin

Determinantes genéticos de la calidad panadera de los trigos argentinos

Las gluteninas de alto (HMW-GS) y bajo (LMW-GS) peso molecular son las proteínas de reserva más importantes en la determinación de la calidad panadera del trigo y su caracterización es indispensable para una eficiente manipulación de la calidad durante el mejoramiento. En este trabajo se determinó la composición de HMW-GS mediante SDS-PAGE y marcadores moleculares en 112 cultivares argentinos y se calculó el índice de calidad GLU-1. Se encontró una alta frecuencia de los alelos con índice máximo en las HMW-GS de los loci GÍU-A1 (96%), Glu-Bl (72%), y GIu-D1 (88%) lo que determinó que el 63 % de los cultivares estudiados presenten una composición óptima de HMW-GS (GLU-1 = 10). La correlación positiva entre el índice GLU1 y la calidad panadera en tres subconjuntos de cultivares argentinos confirmaron el valor predictivo de este índice.Trabajo galardonado con el Premio "Molinos Brunning", versión 1996.Academia Nacional de Agronomía y Veterinaria (ANAV