El derecho humano a la ciencia: Un viejo derecho con un gran futuro

When we talk about the human right to science, many may think that we are speaking about a new right, recently created to face the challenges that science and technology generate in our society of the 21st century. However, the right to science is already enshrined in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948) and in the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (1966). We can find it even earlier in the inter-American regional system, particularly, in the Charter of the Organization of American States (1948) and in the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man (1948). Few know that, in fact, the Latin American countries in general and Chile in particular played a crucial role in the universal recognition of this right. The first part of the article explains the history of the right to science and its international legal recognition. In a second chapter, we will study its current institutional situation within the United Nations and, finally, in the third chapter, we will analyze the characteristics of this right, its normative content, elements and type of obligations that it creates.Cuando hablamos del derecho humano a la ciencia se puede pensar que nos referimos a un derecho nuevo, creado recientemente para hacer frente a los desafíos que la ciencia y la tecnología generan en nuestra sociedad del siglo XXI. Sin embargo, el derecho a la ciencia es un derecho ya recogido en la Declaración Universal de los Derechos Humanos de 1948 y en el Pacto Internacional de Derechos Económicos, Sociales y Culturales de 1966. Lo podemos encontrar incluso antes, en el sistema regional interamericano, en particular, en la Carta de la Organización de los Estados Americanos y en la Declaración Americana de Derechos y Deberes del Hombre. Pocos saben que, de hecho, los países lationamericanos, en general, y Chile, muy en particular, tuvieron un papel crucial en el reconocimiento universal de este derecho. La primera parte del artículo está dedica a explicar la historia de este derecho y su reconocimiento jurídico internacional. En una segunda parte estudiaremos su situación institucional actual en el ámbito de las Naciones Unidas y, finalmente, en la tercera parte indagaremos en las características de este derecho, su contenido normativo, elementos y tipo de obligaciones que crea

Female old age in historical perspective: Vetulae of ancient Rome

Las sociedades humanas tienden a dividir el ciclo vital en varias etapas según criterios culturales concretos. En la antigua Roma, al igual que en las sociedades occidentales actuales, la etapa que precede a la muerte del sujeto, parte de la edad adulta pero al mismo tiempo distinta a ésta, era la vejez. La ancianidad ha sido tradicionalmente silenciados en los trabajos historiográficos sobre la Antigüedad, los cuales han tenido como protagonista al hombre adulto, especialmente el perteneciente a la élite. Si bien en las últimas décadas han proliferado las investigaciones relativas a otros sujetos históricos, como las mujeres o los individuos infantiles, no ocurre lo mismo con la vejez, sobre todo en el caso de las vetulae. El objetivo del presente artículo es subrayar la importancia de la vetula como sujeto histórico, presentar las diversas fuentes a través de las cuales podemos acceder a su conocimiento, y definir qué era en época romana la vejez femenina.Human societies tend to divide the life cycle into several stages according to specific cultural criteria. In ancient Rome, as in contemporary Western societies, the stage that precedes death, part of adulthood but at the same time different from it, was old age. Traditionally elders have been silenced in the historiographical works about Antiquity, which have the adult man, especially the one belonging to the elite, as the main subject. Even if the investigations about other historical agents, such as women or children, have proliferated in recent decades, it is not the case of old age, especially of vetulae. In this paper we highlight the importance of the vetula as a historical subject, we present various sources through which we can know them, and we define what female old age was in ancient Rome

Deep Generative Models for Reject Inference in Credit Scoring

Credit scoring models based on accepted applications may be biased and their consequences can have a statistical and economic impact. Reject inference is the process of attempting to infer the creditworthiness status of the rejected applications. In this research, we use deep generative models to develop two new semi-supervised Bayesian models for reject inference in credit scoring, in which we model the data generating process to be dependent on a Gaussian mixture. The goal is to improve the classification accuracy in credit scoring models by adding reject applications. Our proposed models infer the unknown creditworthiness of the rejected applications by exact enumeration of the two possible outcomes of the loan (default or non-default). The efficient stochastic gradient optimization technique used in deep generative models makes our models suitable for large data sets. Finally, the experiments in this research show that our proposed models perform better than classical and alternative machine learning models for reject inference in credit scoring

Learning Latent Representations of Bank Customers With The Variational Autoencoder

Learning data representations that reflect the customers' creditworthiness can improve marketing campaigns, customer relationship management, data and process management or the credit risk assessment in retail banks. In this research, we adopt the Variational Autoencoder (VAE), which has the ability to learn latent representations that contain useful information. We show that it is possible to steer the latent representations in the latent space of the VAE using the Weight of Evidence and forming a specific grouping of the data that reflects the customers' creditworthiness. Our proposed method learns a latent representation of the data, which shows a well-defied clustering structure capturing the customers' creditworthiness. These clusters are well suited for the aforementioned banks' activities. Further, our methodology generalizes to new customers, captures high-dimensional and complex financial data, and scales to large data sets.Comment: arXiv admin note: substantial text overlap with arXiv:1806.0253

Establiment d’un mètode d’anàlisi de glicans biomarcadors de càncer de pàncrees per cromatografia de líquids acoblada a l’espectrometria de masses

Treballs Finals de Grau de Química, Facultat de Química, Universitat de Barcelona, Any: 2023, Tutora: Estela Giménez LópezGlycoproteins are proteins that have oligosaccharides covalently attached to the peptide backbone. These carbohydrates are also known as glycans. Protein glycans play a significant role in various cellular processes, including cell-cell recognition, signaling, and adhesion on cell surfaces. However, glycans undergo structural changes in many diseases, such as cancer. Therefore, there is a need to establish new analytical methods that aid in identifying and quantifying glycans to detect the presence of diseases. In the present study, a reference method for the separation and identification of labelled glycans using capillary liquid chromatography (capLC) coupled with ultraviolet (UV) and mass spectrometry (MS) detection will be developed. First, standard glycans selected as model will be derivatized with aniline (AN) and procainamide (ProA) labels. To assess their degree of derivatization, they will be analysed by matrix assisted laser desorption ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI-MS). Finally, these labelled glycans will serve for the development of a reference analytical method by capLC-UV and capLC-MS. This reference method will be used in the future to test the status of the chromatographic system in glycoprotein biomarker research. For instance, for the analysis of the N-glycans of human alpha-1-acid glycoprotein (hAGP) under study as a potential biomarker of pancreatic cancer

El piearcts en querétaro - tercera etapa

Se reporta el avance de la tercera etapa del PIEARCTS en Querétaro, México: análisis estadístico e interpretación de datos de las once instituciones en donde se aplicó el COCTS a un total de 1374 sujetos. Se establece un horizonte de interpretación que integra los datos cuantitativos con la reflexión cualitativa, la cual está amparada en el contexto socio-histórico de cada institución y en la caracterización de cada grupo muestral. Los datos se analizan de acuerdo con el tipo de institución: tecnológica o humanística; nivel educativo: licenciatura, bachillerato, técnico o normal y con los grupos encuestados: estudiantes o profesores, considerando los datos sociodemográficos incluidos en la encuesta. Se calculan los índices de plausibilidad, adecuación, ingenuidad y cultura científica para cada reactivo y para cada sujeto. Con ellos se hacen comparaciones entre grupos

Deficiência, agência e assistência em duas cartas de Plínio o Jovem: Corélio Rufo (Ep. 1.12) e Domício Tulo (Ep. 8.18)

This article discusses the experience of disability in ancient Rome through the letters Ep. 1.12 and Ep. 8.18 of Pliny the Younger (1st-2nd centuries CE). The main characters of these letters, Corellius Rufus and Domitius Tullus, were two senators with reduced mobility and assisted in their daily tasks by relatives and enslaved people. Based on the methodology provided by Disability Studies, we analyse the agency of the subjects of study as disabled people, as well as the role that assistance played in their lives and how their environment conditioned their life decisions. Finally, we address Pliny the Younger's personal perspective and the bias this may entail when interpreting the meaning of the letters.Este artículo aborda la experiencia de la discapacidad en la antigua Roma a través de las cartas Ep. 1.12 y Ep. 8.18 de Plinio el Joven (ss. I-II n.e.). Los protagonistas de estas misivas, Corelio Rufo y Domicio Tulo, fueron dos senadores con movilidad limitada y asistidos en las tareas cotidianas por familiares y personas esclavizadas. Partiendo de la metodología proporcionada por los Estudios de Discapacidad, analizamos la agencia de los sujetos de estudio en cuanto que personas discapacitadas, así como el papel que la asistencia jugó en sus vidas y cómo su entorno condicionó sus decisiones vitales. Finalmente, abordamos la perspectiva personal de Plinio el Joven y el sesgo que ésta puede suponer a la hora de interpretar el significado de las cartas.Este artigo aborda a experiência da deficiência na Roma antiga através das cartas Ep. 1.12 e Ep. 8.18 de Plínio o Jovem (1ª-2ª c. n.e.). Os protagonistas destas cartas, Corélio Rufo e Domício Tulo, foram dois senadores com mobilidade limitada e assistidos em tarefas diárias por familiares e pessoas escravizadas. Com base na metodologia fornecida pelos Estudos sobre Deficiência, analisamos a agência dos sujeitos de estudo como pessoas com deficiência, bem como o papel que a assistência desempenhou nas suas vidas e como o seu ambiente condicionou as suas decisões de vida. Finalmente, abordamos a perspectiva pessoal de Plínio o Jovem e o preconceito que isto pode implicar ao interpretar o significado das letras

El testimonio ante la cámara. Memoria de los fusilados y desaparecidos durante la Guerra Civil Española

This article analyzes the methodology implemented by a team of professionals that belongs to the Aranzadi Science Society in order to carry out the fieldwork for three years (2003-2006), by means of the use of video as a tool, on the memory of executed and disappeared people during the Spanish Civil War. The paper explains the preparations of the work and describes its development through specific examples, as well as it collects some conclusions extracted after the complete process.; Este artículo analiza la estrategia metodológica puesta en práctica por parte de un equipo de profesionales de la Sociedad de Ciencias Aranzadi para realizar el trabajo de campo durante tres años (2003-2006), utilizando el vídeo como herramienta, en torno a la memoria de los fusilados y desaparecidos durante la Guerra Civil Española. Explica la preparación del trabajo, describe su desarrollo a través de ejemplos concretos y recoge algunas concusiones extraídas tras el proceso