La comunicación comercial en la distribución minorista y la nueva estrategia omnicanal

En esta tesis se estudió la nueva comunicación comercial en la nueva estrategia omnicanal, que engloba todos los canales de venta. El foco del estudio se ha basado principalmente en el canal de venta de tienda física y del comercio electrónico por internet. En los inicios del comercio electrónico se utilizaba la expresión de multicanalidad para tratar la diferencia entre los diferentes canales especialmente referidos al comercio tradicional y la venta por internet. Debido a la completa integración de todos los diferentes canales se ha mudado a la expresión omnicanalidad. La diferencia entre multicanalidad y omnicanalidad parece simple, pero sin embargo como veremos en la tesis, la estrategia multicanal trata los canales de forma totalmente independiente para consumidores separados que se diferencian según el canal de compra utilizado. Sin embargo en la estrategia omnicanal los canales se complementan entre sí, de una forma íntegra como demostraremos en la investigación, tratando la diferenciación de canales para para cubrir todas las necesidades del consumidor de forma complementaria. Demostraremos en la tesis con los estudios aportados, como este cambio ha sido realizado tanto por los consumidores como por los propios distribuidores minoristas. Es aquí donde surge la nueva estrategia de comunicación omnicanal, con implicaciones de cambios permanentes en el comercio y todos los efectos que producen en la sociedad, economía, comunicación e información etc..

Pieces of eight, pieces of eight: seafarers’ earnings and the venture economy of early modern seafaring

Historians have generally argued that between the medieval period and the eighteenth century seafarers transformed from collaborative adventurers with a share in their vessel to the first international wage-earning proletariat. This interpretation has drawn upon relatively limited statistical analysis of mariners’ wages, and underestimates the variety of seafarers’ remuneration and economic activities besides wages themselves. This article undertakes a more sustained analysis of seventeenth-century wage data drawn from the papers of the English High Court of Admiralty, and uses the same evidence to examine other forms of income, both customary payments as part of shipping, and small-scale trade. Seafarers of all ranks carried their own commodities on all shipping routes, offering an opportunity to considerably increase their income. This evidence confirms that the maritime labour market was hierarchical, and that very often seafarers were poor labourers facing economic insecurity of many kinds. However, it refines the previous interpretation by emphasizing the presence of skilled workers even amongst the lower levels of this labour market, and by introducing a new dimension to mariners’ economic agency: they were not simply wage-workers, but also independent participants in a venture economy

Smokers making a quit attempt using e-cigarettes with or without nicotine or prescription nicotine replacement therapy : impact on cardiovascular function (ISME-NRT) - a study protocol

Background: The estimated number of cigarette smokers in the world is 1.3 billion, expected to rise to 1.7 billion by 2025, with 10 million smokers living in the U.K. Smoking is the leading, preventable death-cause worldwide, being responsible for almost 650,000 deaths in the E.U. annually. A combination of pharmacological interventions, including nicotine replacement therapy, bupropion and varenicline, and behavioural support is the most effective approach to smoking cessation. However, even the best methods have high relapse rates of approximately 75% within 6 months. Electronic (or “e-“) cigarettes use battery power to disperse a solution that usually contains propylene glycol or glycerine, water, flavouring and nicotine. E-cigarettes have become the most popular smoking cessation aid in England, however, information on their effects on cardiovascular function is limited and contradictory. As e-cigarettes are not solely nicotine-based products, existing research exploring the effects of nicotine on the cardio-vasculature provides only limited information, while their extensive uptake urges the need of evidence to inform the general public, smokers and policy-makers. Methods: This is a pragmatic, 3-group, randomised, assessor-blinded, single-centre trial exploring the cardiovascular physiological effects of the use of e-cigarettes (nicotine-free and nicotine-inclusive, assessed separately) combined with behavioural support as a smoking cessation method in comparison to the combination of NRT and behavioural support. The primary outcome will be macro-vascular function, determined by a Flow Mediated Dilatation ultrasound assessment, 6 months following participants’ “quit date”. Discussion: Participants will be assessed at baseline, 3 days following their self-determined “quit date”, at intervention end (3 months) and 6 months following their “quite date”. Findings are expected to give an indication of the cardiovascular effects of e-cigarettes both in the short- and in the medium-term period, informing the general public,policy holders and researchers, helping to define the future role of e-cigarettes as a smoking cessation aid

Smoking cessation is associated with lower disease activity and predicts cardiovascular risk reduction in rheumatoid arthritis patients

Objectives: Smoking is a major risk factor for the development of both cardiovascular disease (CVD) and RA and may cause attenuated responses to anti-rheumatic treatments. Our aim was to compare disease activity, CVD risk factors and CVD event rates across smoking status in RA patients. Methods: Disease characteristics, CVD risk factors and relevant medications were recorded in RA patients without prior CVD from 10 countries (Norway, UK, Netherlands, USA, Sweden, Greece, South Africa, Spain, Canada and Mexico). Information on CVD events was collected. Adjusted analysis of variance, logistic regression and Cox models were applied to compare RA disease activity (DAS28), CVD risk factors and event rates across categories of smoking status. Results: Of the 3311 RA patients (1012 former, 887 current and 1412 never smokers), 235 experienced CVD events during a median follow-up of 3.5 years (interquartile range 2.5-6.1). At enrolment, current smokers were more likely to have moderate or high disease activity compared with former and never smokers (P < 0.001 for both). There was a gradient of worsening CVD risk factor profiles (lipoproteins and blood pressure) from never to former to current smokers. Furthermore, former and never smokers had significantly lower CVD event rates compared with current smokers [hazard ratio 0.70 (95% CI 0.51, 0.95), P = 0.02 and 0.48 (0.34, 0.69), P < 0.001, respectively]. The CVD event rates for former and never smokers were comparable. Conclusion: Smoking cessation in patients with RA was associated with lower disease activity and improved lipid profiles and was a predictor of reduced rates of CVD events

Generals and Admirals in the “Carrera de Indias”. Pending Researches

Artículo de la sección: VariaEl presente artículo pretende alcanzar varios objetivos: el primero y prioritario poner a disposición de los investigadores interesados la relación de los generales y almirantes de la Carrera de Indias entre 1543 y 1740; el segundo, manifestar públicamente la necesidad de estudiar este interesantísimo grupo profesional ante la sorprendente y desalentadora escasez de trabajos al respecto; en tercer lugar, esbozar una breve refl exión sobre los aspectos más destacables y provechosos que podrían extraerse de dichas investigaciones; para, fi nalmente, concluir indicando los tipos de archivos y fuentes que deberían utilizarse para lograr este empeño.This article has several aims: fi rst, the need to put at the interested researcher’s disposal, the list of generals-at-sea and admiral’s of the “Carrera de Indias” existing between 1543 and 1740; secondly, to make it obvious the need to study this very interesting group of professionals, considering the surprising and discouraging scarcity of papers in this area; thirdly to outline a brief refl ection on the most outstading aspects that may derive from that research to, fi nally, to suggest the type of sources and archives that may be used to this end

A Narrative Review of the Role of Transthyretin in Health and Disease

Transthyretin (TTR) is a tetrameric transport protein highly conserved through vertebrate evolution and synthesized in the liver, choroid plexus, and retinal pigment epithelium. TTR transports the thyroid hormone thyroxine and the retinol-binding protein (RBP) bound to retinol (vitamin A). Mutations in TTR are associated with inherited transthyretin amyloidosis (ATTRv), a progressive, debilitating disease that is ultimately fatal and is characterized by misfolding of TTR and aggregation as amyloid fibrils, predominantly leading to cardiomyopathy or polyneuropathy depending on the particular TTR mutation. Transthyretin amyloid cardiomyopathy can also occur as an age-related disease caused by misfolding of wild-type TTR. Apart from its transport role, little is known about possible additional physiological functions of TTR. Evidence from animal model systems in which TTR has been disrupted via gene knockout is adding to our cumulative understanding of TTR function. There is growing evidence that TTR may have a role in neuroprotection and promotion of neurite outgrowth in response to injury. Here, we review the literature describing potential roles of TTR in neurobiology and in the pathophysiology of diseases other than ATTR amyloidosis. A greater understanding of these processes may also contribute to further clarification of the pathology of ATTR and the effects of potential therapies for TTR-related conditions.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio