Ramy prawne referendum w irańskim kontekście konstytucyjnym

In democratic regimes, the participation of citizens in the enforcement of political power constitutes the keystone of the legitimacy of sovereignty. Allowing and valuing the popular will in the political management of a country is necessary for the continuation of the legitimacy of sovereignty. Hence, political systems are still exploring the methods of establishing direct democracy in parallel to representative democracy. Referendum is a form of establishing direct democracy that is based on public votes on political and legal affairs. The legal organization of different kinds of direct democracy is explained in the constitutions. Among the methods of direct democracy, only referendums on the amendment of the constitution, political referendums, and legislative referendums have been recognized in the Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran. Although a referendum on the establishment of the Islamic Republic political system and a referendum on the amendment of the Constitution have been held in the legal history of Iran, no legislative referendum has been conducted so far. Senior state officials may propose a referendum and referendums can be held on special and critically important occasions. Regarding the theocratic nature of the Iranian political system, the validity of referendums is contingent upon non-contradiction between the subject of the referendum and the principles of Islamic law. This article explores the legal dimensions of conducting referendums in the Iranian constitutional context with a descriptive-analytical approach.W reżimach demokratycznych udział obywateli w egzekwowaniu władzy politycznej stanowi podstawę suwerenności. Zezwolenie i docenienie woli ludu w politycznym zarządzaniu krajem jest konieczne dla utrzymania legitymacji suwerenności. Dlatego systemy polityczne wciąż badają metody ustanowienia demokracji bezpośredniej równolegle z demokracją przedstawicielską. Referendum jest formą ustanowienia demokracji bezpośredniej opartej na głosowaniu publicznym w sprawach politycznych i prawnych. Prawna organizacja różnych rodzajów demokracji bezpośredniej jest wyjaśniona w konstytucjach. Wśród metod demokracji bezpośredniej tylko referenda w sprawie zmiany konstytucji, referendum polityczne i referendum legislacyjne zostały uznane w Konstytucji Islamskiej Republiki Iranu. Chociaż w prawnej historii Iranu odbyło się referendum w sprawie ustanowienia systemu politycznego Republiki Islamskiej i referendum w sprawie zmiany Konstytucji, jak dotąd nie przeprowadzono referendum legislacyjnego. Wyżsi urzędnicy państwowi mogą zaproponować referendum, a referenda mogą odbywać się w wyjątkowych i niezwykle ważnych sytuacjach. Jeśli chodzi o teokratyczny charakter irańskiego systemu politycznego, ważność referendum zależy od braku sprzeczności między przedmiotem referendum a zasadami prawa islamskiego. W tym artykule zbadano prawne wymiary przeprowadzania referendów w irańskim kontekście konstytucyjnym, stosując podejście opisowo-analityczne

Novel methods for active reservoir monitoring and flow rate allocation of intelligent wells

The value added by intelligent wells (I-wells) derives from real-time, reservoir and production performance monitoring together with zonal, downhole flow control. Unfortunately, downhole sensors that can directly measure the zonal flow rates and phase cuts required for optimal control of the well’s producing zones are not normally installed. Instead, the zonal, Multi-phase Flow Rates (MPFRs) are calculated from indirect measurements (e.g. from zonal pressures, temperatures and the total well flow rate), an approach known as soft-sensing. To-date all published techniques for zonal flow rate allocation in multi-zone I-wells are “passive” in that they calculate the required parameters to estimate MPFRs for a fixed given configuration of the completion. These techniques are subject to model error, but also to errors stemming from measurement noise when there is insufficient data duplication for accurate parameter estimation. This thesis describes an “active” soft-sensing technique consisting of two sequential optimisation steps. First step calculates MPFRs while the second one uses a direct search method based on Deformed Configurations to optimise the sequence of Interval Control Valve positions during a routine multi-rate test in an I-well. This novel approach maximises the accuracy of the calculated reservoir properties and MPFRs. Four “active monitoring” levels are discussed. Each one uses a particular combination of available indirect measurements from well performance monitoring systems. Level one is the simplest, requiring a minimal amount of well data. The higher levels require more data; but provide, in return, a greater understanding of produced fluids volumes and the reservoir’s properties at both a well and a zonal level. Such estimation of the reservoir parameters and MPFRs in I-wells is essential for effective well control strategies to optimise the production volumes. An integrated, control and monitoring (ICM) workflow is proposed which employs the active soft-sensing algorithm modified to maximise I-well oil production via real-time zonal production control based on estimates of zonal reservoir properties and their updates. Analysis of convergence rate of ICM workflow to optimise different objective functions shows that very accurate zonal properties are not required to optimise the oil production. The proposed reservoir monitoring and MPFR allocation workflow may also be used for designing in-well monitoring systems i.e. to predict which combination of sensors along with their measurement quality is required for effective well and reservoir monitoring

Investigation of Concrete Electrical Resistivity As a Performance Based Test

The purpose of this research project was to identify the extent that concrete resistivity measurements (bulk and/or surface) can be used as a performance based lab test to improve the quality of concrete in Utah bridge decks. By allowing UDOT to specify a required resistivity, concrete bridge deck quality will increase and future maintenance costs will decrease. This research consisted of two phases: the field phase and the lab phase. In the field phase, concrete samples were gathered from local concrete producers in Utah. These concrete samples were made with common concrete mixes used in bridge decks across the state of Utah. Testing multiple mix designs allowed the research team to investigate several variations of concrete constituents, for instance, water to cement ratio, common Utah supplementary cementitious materials, curing type, and aggregate type. Mechanical and durability testing was performed on concrete of different ages. These tests included strength, surface resistivity, bulk resistivity, rapid chloride permeability, and freeze and thaw tests. In the lab phase, one of the field mixes was selected as the control mix. This mix was then duplicated in the lab in order to see the performance differences of each mix in the controlled and field experiments. In addition, changes were made to the lab control mix, to see the effect of different materials on the resistivity and durability of concrete

Does blockchain technology have anything to say in the oil and gas industry: the study of opportunities, challenges, and future trends

This research focuses on the utilization of blockchain as an emerging technology in the oil and gas industry with the aim to advance the understanding of blockchain technology adoption in this industry. Through conducting qualitative research based on semi-structured interviews with managers and decision makers in the oil and gas industry and by overviewing the literature, the current opportunities, challenges, and adoption barriers of this technology were investigated. Findings indicated that despite the rapid progress of digital technologies, the adoption of blockchain technology in the oil and gas industry is a slow process due to the conservative and inherently resistant nature of the industry. Although there is evidence proving that the technology is capable of increasing the efficiency and operational transparency in the industry, there are still challenges mainly due to lack of business and managerial support, awareness, and expertise about blockchain technology within the oil and gas industry or immaturity and complexity of the technology. Different categories of blockchain adoption barriers were detected together with the presentation of some solutions to overcoming these barriers. Additionally, the drivers and influential factors in the adoption of the technology were discussed. The future of blockchain technology in the oil and gas industry is considered to be promising based on the participants’ opinions and the evidence from successful use cases

Simulated lumped-parameter system reduced-order adaptive control studies

Two methods of interpreting the misbehavior of reduced order adaptive controllers are discussed. The first method is based on system input-output description and the second is based on state variable description. The implementation of the single input, single output, autoregressive, moving average system is considered

Capturing the Social Experience of SCU Campus Housing Options in Virtual Tours

For incoming students at Santa Clara University, it can be challenging and stressful to choose which campus housing to live in. Is it a social dorm or a quiet one? What types of students live here? Will we get along? Will I feel comfortable in the place I’ll call home for the next nine months? Santa Clara University offers very limited resources for choosing campus housing. With the overhead 2D room layouts and the “selfie stick” dorm tours that focus more on the resident director than the rooms, it is hard to discern the sociality of each space which is often a student’s top concern when choosing a residence hall. To fix this, along with portraying each residence hall in an AR/VR tour in which you can walk throughout the dorms, we aim to provide a sense of the unique social character of each residence hall. For example, as you move through the space, you might interact with virtual avatars that give you information about the sociality of the space. Drawing upon surveys and interviews, we will introduce the type of student that fits the social scene of each dorm, letting incoming freshmen up to graduating seniors the opportunity to find the dorm that best fits their needs and interests

Ultrawideband and Multi-state Reconfigurable Antennas with Sum and Difference Radiation Patterns

Pattern diversity is a term used to describe the operation of several antenna elements working together to produce multiple different radiation patterns with the aim of improving the quality and reliability of a communications system. One useful implementation of pattern diversity considers sum and difference radiation patterns which can be exploited to extend high-gain space coverage and tackle multipath fading. The conventional forms of such pattern diversity antennas are generally working at a single or multiple narrowband frequencies and are designed for specific applications. Hence, generating sum and difference pattern diversity in wide range of frequencies requires the development of new pattern diversity antenna designs. Ultrawideband and frequency reconfigurable designs of pattern diversity antennas are desirable to help reduce the cost and increase the flexibility in applications of pattern diversity antennas. These two types of performances constitute the principal parts of this thesis. The first part of this thesis deals with the challenges of designing ultrawideband Vivaldi antennas with sum and difference radiation patterns. When two Vivaldi antennas are placed next to each other, two mutually exclusive phenomena of grating lobe generation at the highest end of frequency and mutual coupling at the lowest end of frequency will define the bandwidth. Hence, to enhance the bandwidth, the separation between the antenna elements is reduced, which delays the grating lobes generation, and the coupling at lower frequencies is mitigated by introducing an asymmetry in the design of each Vivaldi antenna element. It is shown that this method can be extended to multi-element Vivaldi antennas for higher gain. Next, the bandwidth is further enhanced by adding two vertical metal slabs between the antenna elements improving the isolation at lower frequencies. The proposed antennas use commercially available couplers as feeding networks. As a potential replacement for couplers, an out-of-phase power divider with unequal power division is also proposed. In the second part of this thesis, the pattern diversity function is combined with multistate frequency-reconfigurable filtering functions in a series of novel designs. In the first proposed design, two quasi-Yagi-Uda antennas are used for pattern diversity, while two switchable and reconfigurable bandpass-to-bandstop filters are used to excite the antenna elements. The whole system is excited by an external commercially available rat-race coupler. In a next step, this design is modified to attain wideband, tunable bandpass, and tunable bandstop operations while obviating the need for an external coupler by using three antenna elements excited by a switchable power divider. In another implementation, the filtering functions is extended to dual-band independently tunable bandpass and bandstop to excite wideband antennas. While all the former designs featured E-plane pattern diversity, in another design aiming at increasing space coverage, a switchable patch antennas with sum and difference radiation patterns in both E- and H-plane of the antenna is designed.Thesis (Ph.D.) -- University of Adelaide, School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, 202

Reemergence of epidemic malaria in the highlands of western Kenya.

Hospital records (1990-1997) of a tea company in the Kericho district, western Kenya, showed malaria epidemics almost annually from May to July, with an annual attack rate of 50%, 857 hospitalizations per 100,000 per year, and 42 deaths per 100,000 per year; 32% of deaths in hospitalized patients were caused by malaria. A questionnaire survey (June 1997) of 244 patients hospitalized for malaria showed that only 8% had traveled to an area with known malaria transmission 30 days before diagnosis. The increasing malaria incidence may be due to drug resistance

Bias Removal Approach in System Identification and Arma Spectral Estimation

Electrical Engineerin