Diverzita, ekologie a metodika průzkumu lišejníků pralesovitých porostů ve střední Evropě

1 Abstract Forests are the native Central European vegetation, which have dominated in the landscape for the last c. 10,000 years. Stands with an oak and hornbeam dominance occupied lower elevations before human colonization, beech and silver fir-beech forests middle elevations and spruce stands at higher elevations. Only a few remnants of forests, which can be regarded as primeval or with a minimal impact of forest management, have survived in densely populated Central Europe. Examples of the most preserved primeval forests are Rothwald (Austria), Białowieża (Poland, Belorussia), Stužica/Stuzhytsia (Slovakia, Ukraine) and Boubín (Czech Republic). Although these sites are small and isolated, they are local diversity centers for many organisms, mainly for fungi, lichens and bryophytes, refugia for numerous endangered species and some of them have their last localities there. Epiphytic and epixylic lichens are an ideal model group for studies about forests because they sensitively indicate management, continuity, heterogeneity and age of a woodland. Therefore they could help us to answer many important questions about the conservation of natural forests. This thesis comprises several different points of view on lichens in Central European forests and its aim is to join these heterogeneous fields into one...2 Abstrakt Lesy tvoří původní složku středoevropské vegetace, která dominovala zdejší krajině přibližně posledních deset tisíc let. Před příchodem člověka zde převažovaly porosty s dominancí dubu a habru v nižších polohách, bučiny a jedlobučiny ve středních polohách a smrčiny ve vysokých nadmořských výškách. Do současnosti se v hustě obydlené střední Evropě zachoval jen zlomek původních porostů, které lze považovat za pralesy nebo alespoň lesy s minimálním vlivem člověka a lesního hospodaření. Příklady nejlépe zachovalých pralesů jsou Rothwald (Rakousko), Białowieża (Polsko, Bělorusko), Stužica/Stuzhytsia (Slovesko, Ukrajina) a Boubínský prales (ČR). Tato území jsou zpravidla malá a navzájem izolovaná, přesto jsou ale lokálními centry diverzity různých organismů, hlavně hub, lišejníků a mechorostů, a také útočištěm řady ohrožených druhů, z nichž mnohé zde mají své poslední lokality. Právě epifytické a epixylické lišejníky jsou ideální modelovou skupinou ke studiu lesních porostů, protože velmi citlivě reagují na hospodaření, odrážejí kontinuitu, heterogenitu a stáří lesa a mohou nám mimo jiné přinést odpovědi na řadu otázek klíčových pro ochranu zbytků přirozených porostů. Tato práce nahlíží na problematiku lišejníků ve středoevropských lesích z několika různých úhlů pohledu a tyto pohledy se snaží spojit...Department of BotanyKatedra botanikyFaculty of SciencePřírodovědecká fakult

Epiphytic species of the Lecanora subfusca group in the Czech Republic

- 3 - ABSTRAKT Během revize epifytických zástupců skupiny Lecanora subfusca v České republice bylo zaznamenáno celkem devět taxonů. L. cinereofusca a L. exspersa jsou uváděny vůbec poprvé. Výskyt L. circumborealis byl naopak na našem území vyloučen. Druhy L. cinereofusca a L. horiza lze považovat za vyhynulé. Nejběžnějším druhem je L. pulicaris. Taxony L. rugosella a L. subrugosa považuji pouze za extrémní formy od L. chlarotera a L. argentata. Tyto morfotypy jsou podmíněny ekologicky: substrátem (úživná borka) a stanovištěm (vliv eutrofizace). V případě L. subrugosa tuto domněnku potvrdila také molekulární data (sekvence ITS rDNA). Podrobný průzkum sekundárních metabolitů pomocí tenkovrstevné chromatografie odhalil řadu nových látek ze skupiny terpenoidů, z nichž prakticky všechny mají taxonomický význam. Během studia změn v rozšíření jednotlivých druhů byl zaznamenán ústup druhů L. allophana a L. chlarotera ve srovnání s minulostí. Naopak L. pulicaris je nyní zřejmě hojnější. Hlavními důvody jsou znečištění ovzduší a acidifikace substrátů vlivem kyselých dešťů. Výrazné okyselení borky dřevin bylo prokázáno na příkladu L. pulicaris. Tento lišejník dříve rostl převážně na dřevinách s kyselou borkou. Vlivem acidifikace se však přesunul na stromy, které mají na normálních podmínek mírně kyselou až...- 4 - ABSTRACT During the revision of epiphytic species of the Lecanora subfusca group in the Czech Republic, nine taxa have been recorded. L. cinereofusca and L. exspersa are reported for the first time from the country. L. circumborealis has been excluded from the list of Czech lichens. L. cinereofusca and L. horiza could be considered as extinct. L. rugosella and L. subrugosa are regarded as extreme morpholocial forms from L. chlarotera and L. argentata. These morphotypes corelate with ecological conditions: substrate (nutrient enriched bark) and habitat (eutrophisation effect). In case of L. subrugosa, this speculation was confirmed by molecular data (ITS rDNA sequences). Several new secondary metabolites have been discovered during the detailed research of chemical lichen compounds. These substances belonging to terpenoids are taxonomically important and very helpful for distinguishing single species. The abundance of L. allophana and L. chlarotera has decreased during last decades. Contrarily, L. pulicaris expanded slightly. The main reasons of changes in distribution are air pollution and acidification of substrates as the impact of acid rains. The rate of substrate acidification has been shown on example of L. pulicaris. In the past, this lichen predominated on acid-barked porophytes. Nowadays, it...Department of BotanyKatedra botanikyFaculty of SciencePřírodovědecká fakult

Epiphytic species of Lecanora subfusca group in the Czech Republic

Cílem bakalá ské práce je shromážd ní poznatk o skupin lišejník Lecanora subfusca agg., které se vyskytují v eské republice, pop . je výskyt n kterých druh v této oblasti p edpokládaný. Vzhledem k rozsahu skupiny jsou zahrnuty pouze epifytické a epixylické druhy, tedy deset (respektive 16) taxon . Rozlišování zástupc skupiny pat í k problematickým, proto v rámci eské republiky a dalších st edoevropských stát není tento okruh lišejník p íliš prozkoumaný. Kvalitní recentní studie z tohoto území zcela chybí. K dispozici není dostatek spolehlivých údaj o ekologii, rozší ení, chemii ani o vymezení n kterých druh . Bakalá ská práce by m la vést k shrnutí zna ného množství historických pramen , které se podrobn zabývají morfologickou a anatomickou charakteristickou skupiny. Shromážd ní doposud publikovaných údaj bude sloužit jako podklad pro navazující diplomovou práci.The main aim of this bachelor work is to summarize knowledges on species of the Lecanora subfusca group growing in the Czech Republic, eventually taxa their occurence may be expected in our area. Only epiphytic and/or epixylic species are included in this study because of a large diversity of the group. Ten taxa have been published from the country. This group is poorly explored in Central Europe because of difficult determination of single species. A comprehensive treatment is lacking in this area. For most taxa of this group only limited information on ecology, distribution, chemistry and taxonomic concepts exists. The present work is reviewing up-to-date knowledge of this group. Historical sources were based mainly on morphological and anatomical data. These were evaluated and excerpted. The bachelor work should serve as a basement for the following diploma thesis.Department of BotanyKatedra botanikyFaculty of SciencePřírodovědecká fakult

Bacidia albogranulosa (Ramalinaceae, lichenized Ascomycota), a new sorediate lichen from European old-growth forests

A sterile sorediate member of the genus Bacidia s.str., B. albogranulosa, is described here as a new species. It is characterised by its very thin, pale grey thallus, white, farinose to granular soredia, the production of atranorin and the absence of ascomata and pycnidia. It grows on slightly acidic to subneutral bark of broad-leaved trees in old-growth forests in the Czech Republic, Poland, Ukraine and Russia (European part of the Caucasus). The new species is well characterised by its morphology, secondary chemistry and molecular (nrITS, mtSSU) traits. It is closely related to other atranorin-containing species in the genus, Bacidia diffracta, B. polychroa and B. suffusa

Food and agricultural wastesderived biochars in combination with mineral fertilizer as sustainable soil amendments to enhance soil microbiological activity, nutrient cycling and crop production

The ever-increasing human population associated with high rate of waste generation may pose serious threats to soil ecosystem. Nevertheless, conversion of agricultural and food wastes to biochar has been shown as a beneficial approach in sustainable soil management. However, our understanding on how integration of biochar obtained from different wastes and mineral fertilizers impact soil microbiological indicators is limited. Therefore, in the present study the effects of agricultural (AB) and food waste derived (FWB) biochars with and without mineral fertilizer (MF) on crop growth and soil health indicators were compared in a pot experiment. In particular, the impacts of applied amendments on soil microbiological health indicators those related to microbial extracellular (C, N and P acquiring) enzymes, soil basal as well as different substrate induced respirations along with crop’s agronomic performance were explored. The results showed that compared to the control, the amendment with AB combined with MF enhanced the crop growth as revealed by higher above and below ground biomass accumulation. Moreover, both the biochars (FWB and AB) modified soil chemical properties (pH and electric conductivity) in the presence or absence of MF as compared to control. However, with the sole application of MF was most influential strategy to improve soil basal and arginin-induced respiration as well as most of the soil extracellular enzymes, those related to C, N and P cycling. Use of FWB resulted in enhanced urease activity. This suggested the role of MF and FWB in nutrient cycling and plant nutrition. Thus, integration of biochar and mineral fertilizers is recommended as an efficient and climate smart package for sustainable soil management and crop production

Notulae to the Italian flora of algae, bryophytes, fungi and lichens: 11

In this contribution, new data concerning bryophytes, fungi, and lichens of the Italian flora are presented. It includes new records and confirmations for the bryophyte genera Aneura, Aulacomnium, Dumortiera, Fossombronia, Hennediella, Hygrohypnella, Pohlia, Porella, Riccardia, Tortella, and Tortula, the fungal genera Cortinarius, Mycena, Naucoria, Trichoglossum, and Tubaria and the lichen genera Agonimia, Blastenia, Chaenotheca, Cladonia, Endocarpon, Gyalecta, Lecanographa, Parmeliella, Porpidia, Stenhammarella, and Thelidium

Notulae to the Italian flora of algae, bryophytes, fungi and lichens: 14

In this contribution, new data concerning bryophytes, fungi and lichens of the Italian flora are presented. It includes new records and confirmations for the algal genus Chara, for the bryophyte genera Bryum, Grimmia, Cephaloziella, Hypnum, Nogopterium, Physcomitrium, Polytrichastrum, Rhynchostegiella, Saelania, and Schistostega, the fungal genera Cortinarius, Lentinellus, Omphalina, and Xerophorus, and the lichen genera Acarospora, Agonimia, Candelariella, Cladonia, Graphis, Gyalolechia, Hypogymnia, Lichinella, Megalaria, Nephroma, Ochrolechia, Opegrapha, Peltigera, Placidium, Ramalina, Rhizoplaca, Ropalospora, Strangospora, Toniniopsis, Usnea, and Zahlbrucknerell

Epiphytic species of the Lecanora subfusca group in the Czech Republic

- 4 - ABSTRACT During the revision of epiphytic species of the Lecanora subfusca group in the Czech Republic, nine taxa have been recorded. L. cinereofusca and L. exspersa are reported for the first time from the country. L. circumborealis has been excluded from the list of Czech lichens. L. cinereofusca and L. horiza could be considered as extinct. L. rugosella and L. subrugosa are regarded as extreme morpholocial forms from L. chlarotera and L. argentata. These morphotypes corelate with ecological conditions: substrate (nutrient enriched bark) and habitat (eutrophisation effect). In case of L. subrugosa, this speculation was confirmed by molecular data (ITS rDNA sequences). Several new secondary metabolites have been discovered during the detailed research of chemical lichen compounds. These substances belonging to terpenoids are taxonomically important and very helpful for distinguishing single species. The abundance of L. allophana and L. chlarotera has decreased during last decades. Contrarily, L. pulicaris expanded slightly. The main reasons of changes in distribution are air pollution and acidification of substrates as the impact of acid rains. The rate of substrate acidification has been shown on example of L. pulicaris. In the past, this lichen predominated on acid-barked porophytes. Nowadays, it..

Diversity, ecology and methods of the research of lichens in old-growth forests in Central Europe

1 Abstract Forests are the native Central European vegetation, which have dominated in the landscape for the last c. 10,000 years. Stands with an oak and hornbeam dominance occupied lower elevations before human colonization, beech and silver fir-beech forests middle elevations and spruce stands at higher elevations. Only a few remnants of forests, which can be regarded as primeval or with a minimal impact of forest management, have survived in densely populated Central Europe. Examples of the most preserved primeval forests are Rothwald (Austria), Białowieża (Poland, Belorussia), Stužica/Stuzhytsia (Slovakia, Ukraine) and Boubín (Czech Republic). Although these sites are small and isolated, they are local diversity centers for many organisms, mainly for fungi, lichens and bryophytes, refugia for numerous endangered species and some of them have their last localities there. Epiphytic and epixylic lichens are an ideal model group for studies about forests because they sensitively indicate management, continuity, heterogeneity and age of a woodland. Therefore they could help us to answer many important questions about the conservation of natural forests. This thesis comprises several different points of view on lichens in Central European forests and its aim is to join these heterogeneous fields into one..