Magnetic materials for smart therapy and diagnostics

large potential for a variety of applications. Gold-coated magnetic nanoparticles are a class of nanoparticles that have attracted much attention because of their advantageous characteristics, such as their inertness, non-toxicity, super magneticity, ease of detection in the human body, a magnetic core that is protected against oxidation, their facilitated bio-conjugating ability, catalytic surface, and their potential for a variety of biological applications. Gold-coated nanoparticles have great biocompatibility with the human body with the ability to interact with biomolecules such as polypeptides, DNA, and polysaccharides. Herein we report a synthetic procedure for the preparation of water-soluble Fe3O4, Fe3O4@Au core-shell and dumbbell nanoparticles, simple protocol for their synthesis, purification by exclusion chromatography and method for functionalization of gold surface with a number of sulfur-containing ligands (L-cystein, 3-mercaptopropionic acid, 11-mercaptoundecanoic acid, lipoic acid, HS-PEG-COOH, 2-aminoethanethiol, and others). Finally, magnetic nanoparticles were functionalized by immobilization of enzymes, PSMA targeted ligands, fluorescent dyes. These magnetic nanoparticles were characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), FTIR, DLS and UV-Vis spectroscopy. We describe a distinct effect of non-heating superlow-frequency magnetic fields on the kinetics of chemical reactions catalyzed by the enzymes immobilized on core-shell nanoparticles.The observation is unprecedented and suggests the significance of magneto-mechanochemical effects induced by realignment of MNP magnetic moments in an AC magnetic field rather than traditional heating. Such low frequency and amplitude fields are safe and are not expected to cause any damage to biological tissues. The authors knowledge financial support from Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation (14.607.21.0132, RFMEFI60715X0132)

Surface modification of magnetite-gold dumbbell nanoparticles with fluorescent dyes for new opportunities in visualization

Due to unique properties, magnetic nanomaterials are widely used in many branches of science and technology. One of the most perspective and actively developed areas are biomedical application: the target drug delivery, magnetic hyperthermia, biosensors and contrasting materials for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Hybrid materials based on nanoparticles with different surface nature as well as different chemical properties represent particularly especial interest. Such materials can be control modified in various ways simultaneously, in particular with drugs and targeted molecules. Surface modification of nanoparticles with fluorescence dyes opens horizons for visualization capabilities, also allows us to trace the behavior of particles in a biological environment, which is essential for their future biomedical applications [2]. In this work we developed synthetic procedure for of magnetite-gold dumbbell nanoparticles modified with different copolymers containing Fluorescein and modified with Sulfo-Cy5 NHS. Obtained nanoparticles were characterized by variety of methods such as DLS, ICP-MS, and fluorescence microscopy. More detailed information for the synthesis, characterization and biological testing will be discussed in report. Please click Additional Files below to see the full abstract

Study of Catalytic Activity of the New Nanohybrid Material Based on Gold Nanoparticles and 1,4-bis(Terpyridine-4'-yl)Benzene

The paper describes the synthesis of composite material consisting of 1,4-bis(terpyridine-4'-yl)benzene microcrystals and gold nanoparticles with an average size of 15 nm adsorbed on their surfaces. The nanohybrid material is obtained by the deposition of pre-synthesized nanoparticles on the surface of the organic compound. Mass content of gold in the obtained material is determined by the thermogravimetrical analysis. Catalytic reduction of para-nitrophenol is spectrophotometrically studied. When you are citing the document, use the following link http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/3512

Theranostic materials for MRI and targeted delivery based on functionalized magnetite nanoparticles

In the last decades, the synthesis of magnetic nanoparticles, in particular magnetite nanoparticles (MNPs), has received increased attention due to their wide range of applications in biomedicine and technology. MNPs can be effectively used for diagnostics and treatment of various diseases. Size, shape, charge and surface chemistry of NPs are fundamental characteristics that determine substantially their properties. Moreover, these characteristics have a big role in the processes of pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. Magnetite nanoparticles are nontoxic, biocompatible and degradable material. Considering current demographic trends in the world and the nature of the dynamics of morbidity, we can expect that even if the average level of cancer incidence will occur more than 15 million new cases of malignant neoplasms in the population each year. It is obviously that the increase of cancer incidence will be occur substantially due to prostate cancer in men, tumors of the colon and rectum in men and women. Thus the problem of creating universal drug (theranostic materials) for early diagnosis and treatment of malignancy becomes more and more actual. The opportunity of application of magnetite nanoparticles in MRI and drug delivery is highly dependent on their sizes and magnetic characteristics. In this work we attempted to create materials based on MNPs for prostate cancer therapy and diagnostics. We carried out synthesis of magnetite nanoparticles with different morphology (cubes, rod-like, star-like and flower-like) and with average size from 10 to 50 nm. Obtained nanoparticles were synthesized by thermal decomposition of iron-containing precursors in high-boiling organic solvents, as well as the aging method in aqueous medium. All nanoparticles were characterized by different physicochemical methods such as: transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, thermogravimetric analysis, ICP - MS. Also magnetic measurements of samples were carried out. For transfer of MNPs from the organic into the aqueous medium and to prevent aggregation MNPs were functionalized and coated with biocompatible copolymers based on polyethyleneglycol and pluronic. Please click Additional Files below to see the full abstract

New hybrid materials on the basis of magnetite and magnetite-gold nanoparticles for biomedical application

During last decades magnetite nanoparticles (NPs) attract a deep interest of scientists due to their potential application in therapy and diagnostics. However, magnetite nanoparticles are toxic and non-stable in physiological conditions. To solve these problems, we decided to create two types of hybrid systems based on magnetite and gold which is inert and biocompatible: gold as a shell material (first type) and gold as separate NPs interfacially bond to magnetite NPs (second type). An additional advantage of gold is the possibility of its functionalization with a variety of sulphur-containing ligands; that is very important for drug delivery and creating of tissue-specific MRI contrast agents. The synthesis of the first type hybrid nanoparticles was carried out as follows: magnetite nanoparticles with an average diameter of 9±2 nm were obtained by co-precipitation of iron (II, III) chlorides then they were covered with gold shell by iterative reduction of hydrogen tetrachloroaurate with hydroxylamine hydrochloride. According to the TEM, ICP MS and EDX data, final nanoparticles had an average diameter of 31±4 nm and contained iron even after hydrochloric acid treatment. However, iron signals (K-line, 7,1 keV) were not localized so we can’t speak about one single magnetic core. Described nanoparticles covered with mercapto-PEG acid were non-toxic for human prostate cancer PC-3/ LNCaP cell lines (more than 90% survived cells as compared to control) and had high R2-relaxivity rates (\u3e190 mМ-1s-1) that exceed the transverse relaxation rate of commercial MRI-contrasting agents. These nanoparticles were also used for chymotrypsin enzyme immobilization. The effect of alternating magnetic field on catalytic properties of chymotrypsin immobilized on magnetite nanoparticles, notably the slowdown of catalyzed reaction at the level of 35-40 % was found. The most probable reason for the observed effect is the change of active centers topology on the enzyme surface as a result of its deformation under applied forces. The synthesis of the second type hybrid nanoparticles also involved two steps. Firstly, spherical gold nanoparticles with an average diameter of 9±2 nm were synthesized by the reduction of hydrogen tetrachloroaurate with oleylamine; secondly, they were used as seeds during magnetite synthesis by thermal decomposition of iron pentacarbonyl in octadecene. As a result, so-called dumbbell-like structures were obtained where magnetite (cubes with 25±6 nm diagonal) and gold nanoparticles were connected together pairwise. By HRTEM method (first time for this type of structure) an epitaxial growth of magnetite nanoparticles on gold surface with co-orientation of (111) planes was discovered. These nanoparticles were transferred into water by means of block-copolymer Pluronic F127 then loaded with anti-cancer drug doxorubicin and also PSMA-vector specific for LNCaP cell line. Obtained nanoparticles were found to have moderate toxicity for human prostate cancer cells and got into the intracellular space after 45 minutes of incubation (according to fluorescence microscopy data). These materials are also perspective from MRI point of view (R2-relaxivity rates \u3e70 mМ-1s-1). Thereby, in this work magnetite-gold hybrid nanoparticles, which have a strong potential for biomedical application, particularly in targeted drug delivery and magnetic resonance imaging, were synthesized and characterized. That paves the way to the development of new medicine types – theranostics. The authors knowledge financial support from Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation (14.607.21.0132, RFMEFI60715X0132). This work was also supported by Grant of Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation К1-2014-022, Grant of Russian Scientific Foundation 14-13-00731 and MSU development program 5.13

Towards nanomedicines of the future: Remote magneto-mechanical actuation of nanomedicines by alternating magnetic fields

The paper describes the concept of magneto-mechanical actuation of single-domain magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) in super-low and low frequency alternating magnetic fields (AMFs) and its possible use for remote control of nanomedicines and drug delivery systems. The applications of this approach for remote actuation of drug release as well as effects on biomacromolecules, biomembranes, subcellular structures and cells are discussed in comparison to conventional strategies employing magnetic hyperthermia in a radio frequency (RF) AMF. Several quantitative models describing interaction of functionalized MNPs with single macromolecules, lipid membranes, and proteins (e.g. cell membrane receptors, ion channels) are presented. The optimal characteristics of the MNPs and an AMF for effective magneto-mechanical actuation of single molecule responses in biological and bio-inspired systems are discussed. Altogether, the described studies and phenomena offer opportunities for the development of novel therapeutics both alone and in combination with magnetic hyperthermia

Nanoscale engineering of hybrid magnetite–carbon nanofibre materials for magnetic resonance imaging contrast agents

Magnetic nanomaterials show significant promise as contrast agents for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). We have developed a new highly efficient one-step procedure for the synthesis of magnetically- functionalised hollow carbon nanofibres, where (i) the carbon nanofibres act as both a template and a support for the nucleation and growth of magnetite nanoparticles and (ii) the structural (size, dispersity and morphology) and functional (magnetisation and coercivity) properties of the magnetic nanoparticles formed on nanofibres are strictly controlled by the mass ratio of the magnetite precursor to the nanofibres and the solvent employed during synthesis. We have shown that our magnetite-nanofibre materials are effectively solubilised in water resulting in a stable suspension that has been employed as a ‘‘negative’’ MRI contrast agent with an excellent transverse relaxivity (r2) of (268 13) mM s 1, surpassing current commercial materials and state-of-the-art magnetic nanoscale platforms in performance for MRI contrast at high magnetic fields. The preparation and evaluation of this unique hybrid nanomaterial represents a critical step towards the realisation of a highly efficient ‘‘smart’’ MRI theranostic agent – a material that allows for the combined diagnosis (with MRI), treatment (with magnetic targeting) and follow-up of a disease (with MRI) – currently in high demand for various clinical applications, including stratified nanomedicine

Stop-frame filming and discovery of reactions at the single-molecule level by transmission electron microscopy

We report an approach – named chemTEM – to follow chemical transformations at the single-molecule level with the electron beam of a transmission electron microscope (TEM) applied as both a tuneable source of energy and a sub-Angstrom imaging probe. Deposited on graphene, disk-shaped perchlorocoronene molecules are precluded from intermolecular interactions. This allows monomolecular transformations to be studied at the single-molecule level in real time and reveals chlorine elimination and reactive aryne formation as a key initial stage of multi-step reactions initiated by the 80 keV e-beam. Under the same conditions, perchlorocoronene confined within a nanotube cavity, where the molecules are situated in very close proximity to each other, enables imaging of intermolecular reactions, starting with the Diels-Alder cycloaddition of a generated aryne, followed by rearrangement of the angular adduct to a planar polyaromatic structure and the formation of a perchlorinated zigzag nanoribbon of graphene as the final product. ChemTEM enables the entire process of polycondensation, including the formation of metastable intermediates, to be captured in a one-shot ‘movie’. A molecule with a similar size and shape but with a different chemical composition, octathio[8]circulene, under the same conditions undergoes another type of polycondensation via thiyl biradical generation and subsequent reaction leading to polythiophene nanoribbons with irregular edges incorporating bridging sulphur atoms. Graphene or carbon nanotubes supporting the individual molecules during chemTEM studies ensure that the elastic interactions of the molecules with the e-beam are the dominant forces that initiate and drive the reactions we image. Our ab initio DFT calculations explicitly incorporating the e-beam in the theoretical model correlate with the chemTEM observations and give a mechanism for direct control not only of the type of the reaction but also of the reaction rate. Selection of the appropriate e-beam energy and control of the dose rate in chemTEM enabled imaging of reactions on a timeframe commensurate with TEM image capture rates, revealing atomistic mechanisms of previously unknown processes

High-resolution label-free 3D mapping of extracellular pH of single living cells

Abstract: Dynamic mapping of extracellular pH (pHe) at the single-cell level is critical for understanding the role of H+ in cellular and subcellular processes, with particular importance in cancer. While several pHe sensing techniques have been developed, accessing this information at the single-cell level requires improvement in sensitivity, spatial and temporal resolution. We report on a zwitterionic label-free pH nanoprobe that addresses these long-standing challenges. The probe has a sensitivity > 0.01 units, 2 ms response time, and 50 nm spatial resolution. The platform was integrated into a double-barrel nanoprobe combining pH sensing with feedback-controlled distance dependance via Scanning Ion Conductance Microscopy. This allows for the simultaneous 3D topographical imaging and pHe monitoring of living cancer cells. These classes of nanoprobes were used for real-time high spatiotemporal resolution pHe mapping at the subcellular level and revealed tumour heterogeneity of the peri-cellular environments of melanoma and breast cancer cells