Redução do forrageio do iguana-negro-de-cauda-espinhosa, Ctenosaura similis (Sauria: Iguanidae), na presença de estímulos do predador

The presence of a predator may have direct and indirect effects on the behavior of the prey. Although altered behavior may help prey avoid predators, it also can have a potential impact on critical activities such as foraging. Predator-prey interactions are routinely studied in laboratory-based experiments owing to the perceived difficulties of conducting such experiments in natural settings. We conducted an experimental study under field conditions in Palo Verde National Park in northwestern Costa Rica to assess behavioral responses of Black Spiny-tailed Iguanas (Ctenosaura similis) to the presence of predators and predator cues. Free-roaming iguanas were offered mango in designated areas in the presence of a predator (Boa constrictor), a predator cue (B. constrictor feces), and a control (no predator or predator cue). Results indicate that iguanas reduced their foraging efforts in the presence of both a predator and its cue.A presença de um predador pode exercer efeitos diretos e indiretos sobre o comportamento da presa. Embora a alteração do comportamento possa ajudar a presa a evitar predadores, pode também ter um impacto potencial sobre atividades críticas, como o forrageio. As interações predador-presa são comumente estudadas em experimentos de laboratório devido às dificuldades em conduzir experimentos sob condições naturais. Conduzimos um estudo experimental em campo no Parque Nacional Palo Verde, no noroeste da Costa Rica, para avaliar as respostas dos iguanas-negros-de-cauda-espinhosa (Ctenosaura similis) à presença de predadores e de seus estímulos. Oferecemos manga a iguanas livres em áreas pré-estabelecidas na presença de um predador (Boa constrictor), de um estímulo do predador (fezes de B. constrictor) e em uma áreacontrole (sem predador ou estímulo). Os resultados indicam que os iguanas reduziram seus esforços de forrageio tanto na presença do predador como de seu estímulo

Report of thanatosis in the Central American scorpions \u3cem\u3eTityus ocelote\u3c/em\u3e and \u3cem\u3eAnanteris platnicki\u3c/em\u3e (Scorpiones: Buthidae)

Thanatosis, or tonic immobility, is a behavior where animals adopt a motionless posture after a physical contact or very close proximity of a predator. This behavior has been described in a wide range of taxa, from invertebrates to vertebrates. For scorpions, tonic immobility has been reported in two buthids, Tityus pusillus and Tityus cerroazul, one hormurid, Liocheles australasiae, and one scorpiopsid, Scorpiops jendeki. Here we report other cases of this thanatosis for two buthid scorpions from lower Central America: Tityus ocelote and Ananteris platnicki. Thanatosis in these species were observed in wild, but was better documented in the laboratory. After human handling, several individuals for both species rolled over and laid on their back, adopting a distinctive rigid position, where they did not respond to external mechanical stimuli. As tonic immobility might be associated with other defense strategies, such as cryptic colorations, it is hypothesized that this behavior is used as a strategy in both species only if there is physical contact that simulated by a predator. On the other hand, the observations of thanatosis we reported here and the ones reported in other Tityus scorpions suggest that this behavior may have a phylogenetic basis in American buthids and that it could be more widespread than initially thought. However, more observations of tonic immobility in buthids would allow the evaluation of this hypothesis

Phylogeography of the Central American lancehead Bothrops asper (SERPENTES: VIPERIDAE)

The uplift and final connection of the Central American land bridge is considered the major event that allowed biotic exchange between vertebrate lineages of northern and southern origin in the New World. However, given the complex tectonics that shaped Middle America, there is still substantial controversy over details of this geographical reconnection, and its role in determining biogeographic patterns in the region. Here, we examine the phylogeography of Bothrops asper, a widely distributed pitviper in Middle America and northwestern South America, in an attempt to evaluate how the final Isthmian uplift and other biogeographical boundaries in the region influenced genealogical lineage divergence in this species. We examined sequence data from two mitochondrial genes (MT-CYB and MT-ND4) from 111 specimens of B. asper, representing 70 localities throughout the species' distribution. We reconstructed phylogeographic patterns using maximum likelihood and Bayesian methods and estimated divergence time using the Bayesian relaxed clock method. Within the nominal species, an early split led to two divergent lineages of B. asper: one includes five phylogroups distributed in Caribbean Middle America and southwestern Ecuador, and the other comprises five other groups scattered in the Pacific slope of Isthmian Central America and northwestern South America. Our results provide evidence of a complex transition that involves at least two dispersal events into Middle America during the final closure of the Isthmus

Development of Herpetoculture in Costa Rica: Current Situation of Herpetariums and Ex Situ Management of Reptiles and Amphibians

La tenencia de herpetofauna en cautiverio es una actividad que ha experimentado un enorme desarrollo en distintas partes del mundo, constituyéndose en la base de muchos programas de conservación, educación, e investigación. En Costa Rica, esta tendencia se evidencia en la proliferación de centros que mantienen reptiles y anfibios en las últimas dos décadas. Pese a este desarrollo, no hay disponible información centralizada sobre los herpetarios a nivel del país, por lo que se desconoce la forma como operan o los potenciales impactos que pudieran tener en la conservación de las especies mantenidas en ellos. En este trabajo se describen los centros que actualmente funcionan en el país, para lo cual se realizaron entrevistas a sus propietarios o regentes y visitas de conformación. Un total de 33 centros, que en conjunto albergan 144 especies, fueron encontrados. Este número de herpetarios resulta del desarrollo de la industria turística: la mayoría de ellos tienen como finalidad la exhibición de animales, aunque también algunos reportan fines educativos. Solo en cuatro centros se encontró clara evidencia de programas de investigación, pese a que la mayoría de herpetarios indicó la generación de conocimiento como uno de sus principales objetivos. Una proporción importante de establecimientos obtiene sus animales del medio, lo que supone un impacto en aquellas especies con poblaciones reducidas. Tal parece ser el caso de la matabuey Lachesis stenophrys, que se encontró en 66% de los centros, pese a ser una especie con poblaciones amenazadas en el país actualmente. La existencia de estos establecimientos demuestra el interés de nuestra sociedad por la tenencia de vida silvestre, y supone un interesante mosaico de experiencias, posibilidades y retos para la escena ambiental del país.The maintenance of reptiles and amphibians in captivity has greatly developed worldwide, becoming the basis of many conservation, education, and research programs. In Costa Rica, this trend is evident in the proliferation of centers that maintain herpetofauna in the last two decades. Despite this development, there is no information available on the centers existing in Costa Rica, and the way they operate, or the potential impacts they could have on the species kept remain unknown. In this study, we describe the facilities currently operating in the country, through a series of interviews to their owners or technical staff, and in situ observations. A total of 33 centers were found, which keep up to 144 species of reptiles and amphibians. This large number of facilities resulted from the development of the tourism industry in the country: most of them are intended to display animals, although some reported educational purposes. Most interviewed staff claims that generation of knowledge is one of the main objectives of their center. However, only four of them showed clear evidence of research programs. A significant percentage of centers get their animals directly from the natural environment, a practice that might have an impact on species with reduced populations in the wild. This seems to be the case of the Bushmaster Lachesis stenophrys, found in 66% of the centers, despite being a species that is nowadays threatened in the country. The existence of these facilities demonstrates the interest Costa Rica society has on wildlife, and it is an interesting mosaic of experiences, opportunities, and challenges for the environmental scene of the country.UCR::Vicerrectoría de Investigación::Unidades de Investigación::Ciencias de la Salud::Instituto Clodomiro Picado (ICP

Snake venomics and antivenomics of Middle and South America rattlesnakes.Identification of neurotoxin crotoxin as an adaptive trait during Crotalus Durissus invasion of South America

Comunicaciones a congreso