INTER-AMERICAN STANDARDS FOR THE SUSPENSION OF GUARANTEES AS A MECHANISM FOR THE ENFORCEMENT OF THE RULE OF LAW

Los diversos ordenamientos jurídicos contemplan la posibilidad de habilitar el uso de facultades extraordinarias ante circunstancias que responden a factores diversa índole y configuran una situación de emergencia, pudiendo sus órganos actuar con competencias distintas a las permitidas en condiciones de normalidad institucional. El uso de poderes extraordinarios es permitido por el Derecho Internacional a través de la facultad de suspensión de garantías, con la finalidad de que los Estados puedan restablecer su institucionalidad y con ello, la plena vigencia de los derechos humanos. Este trabajo pretende abordar dicha institución, analizando los estándares interamericanos sobre la materia y proponer la convencionalidad de los poderes extraordinarios del Estado como una garantía para la vigencia del Estado de Derecho, al establecer parámetros mínimos para la aplicación de medidas extraordinarias y limitar la extensión del régimen excepcional.The various legal systems contemplate the possibility of ena­bling the use of extraordinary powers in the event of circumstances that respond to different factors and constitute an emergency situation, allowing its organs to act with powers different from those allowed under normal institutional conditions. The use of extraordinary powers is permitted by International Law through the power of suspension of guarantees, with the purpose of allowing States to reestablish their institutionality and with it, the full validity of human rights. This paper aims to address this institution, analyzing the inter-American standards on the subject and proposing the conventionality of the extraordinary powers of the State as a guarantee for the rule of law, by establishing minimum parameters for the application of extraordinary measures and limiting the extent of the exceptional regime

Impact of day/night time land surface temperature in soil moisture disaggregation algorithms

Since its launch in 2009, the ESA’s SMOS mission is providing global soil moisture (SM) maps at ~40 km, using the first L-band microwave radiometer on space. Its spatial resolution meets the needs of global applications, but prevents the use of the data in regional or local applications, which require higher spatial resolutions (~1-10 km). SM disaggregation algorithms based generally on the land surface temperature (LST) and vegetation indices have been developed to bridge this gap. This study analyzes the SM-LST relationship at a variety of LST acquisition times and its influence on SM disaggregation algorithms. Two years of in situ and satellite data over the central part of the river Duero basin and the Iberian Peninsula are used. In situ results show a strong anticorrelation of SM to daily maximum LST (R˜-0.5 to -0.8). This is confirmed with SMOS SM and MODIS LST Terra/Aqua at day time-overpasses (R˜-0.4 to -0.7). Better statistics are obtained when using MODIS LST day (R˜0.55 to 0.85; ubRMSD˜0.04 to 0.06 m3 /m3 ) than LST night (R˜0.45 to 0.80; ubRMSD˜0.04 to 0.07 m3 /m3 ) in the SM disaggregation. An averaged ensemble of day and night MODIS LST Terra/Aqua disaggregated SM estimates also leads to robust statistics (R˜0.55 to 0.85; ubRMSD˜0.04 to 0.07 m3 /m3 ) with a coverage improvement of ~10-20 %.Peer ReviewedPostprint (published version

Elecciones educativas y vocacionales de las chicas onubenses que finalizan la E.S.O : comparación de sus expectativas con las de sus docentes y familias

Este trabajo pretende conocer las elecciones educativas y vocacionales de un grupo de chicas onubenses que finalizan E.S.O., comparando sus decisiones con las que proponen para ellas sus docentes y familiares. La muestra de estudio estuvo compuesta por un total de 291 chicas, junto con sus profesores/as tutores/as y familia. Los datos fueron recogidos a través de un cuestionario (profesorado) y dos entrevistas semiestructuradas (alumnas y familias). De los resultados se destaca que cursar Bachillerato es la opción que mayoritariamente eligen las alumnas, los/as docentes y las familias, si bien existen algunas diferencias. Así, el porcentaje de alumnas que pretende cursar esta opción es mayor que el de los/as profesores/as que consideran que deberían cursarla, pero menor que el porcentaje de familias que la desean para sus hijas. Se debe destacar también que las respuestas emitidas por las familias muestran una alta valoración del trabajo, entendiendo que éste es incuestionable en el futuro de sus hijas, si bien no se manifiesta un interés especial por que éstas alcancen altos niveles de cualificación y prestigio profesional.This paper aims to identify the educational and career decisions of a sample of girls from Huelva at the end of the compulsory education. It also compares the girls´s decisions with those proposed for them by their teachers and parents. The sample of the study was a group of 291 girls, altogether with their teachers and parents. Data were collected through a questionnaire (for teachers) and two semi-structured interviews (for pupils and for parents). Results show that choosing high school is the most frequent option selected by the three groups. However, whereas the percentage of girls who select this option is higher than the percentage of teachers that think they should choose it. It is lower than the percentage of parents that selected it for their daughters. Another important result is that though parents give a high value to work as an important role in their daughters´s future. they do not show especial interest on the fact they reach high levels of qualification and career prestige

Multi-temporal evaluation of soil moisture and land surface temperature dynamics using in situ and satellite observations

Soil moisture (SM) is an important component of the Earth’s surface water balance and by extension the energy balance, regulating the land surface temperature (LST) and evapotranspiration (ET). Nowadays, there are two missions dedicated to monitoring the Earth’s surface SM using L-band radiometers: ESA’s Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity (SMOS) and NASA’s Soil Moisture Active Passive (SMAP). LST is remotely sensed using thermal infrared (TIR) sensors on-board satellites, such as NASA’s Terra/Aqua MODIS or ESA & EUMETSAT’s MSG SEVIRI. This study provides an assessment of SM and LST dynamics at daily and seasonal scales, using 4 years (2011–2014) of in situ and satellite observations over the central part of the river Duero basin in Spain. Specifically, the agreement of instantaneous SM with a variety of LST-derived parameters is analyzed to better understand the fundamental link of the SM–LST relationship through ET and thermal inertia. Ground-based SM and LST measurements from the REMEDHUS network are compared to SMOS SM and MODIS LST spaceborne observations. ET is obtained from the HidroMORE regional hydrological model. At the daily scale, a strong anticorrelation is observed between in situ SM and maximum LST (R ˜ -0.6 to -0.8), and between SMOS SM and MODIS LST Terra/Aqua day (R ˜ - 0.7). At the seasonal scale, results show a stronger anticorrelation in autumn, spring and summer (in situ R ˜ -0.5 to -0.7; satellite R ˜ -0.4 to -0.7) indicating SM–LST coupling, than in winter (in situ R ˜ +0.3; satellite R ˜ -0.3) indicating SM–LST decoupling. These different behaviors evidence changes from water-limited to energy-limited moisture flux across seasons, which are confirmed by the observed ET evolution. In water-limited periods, SM is extracted from the soil through ET until critical SM is reached. A method to estimate the soil critical SM is proposed. For REMEDHUS, the critical SM is estimated to be ~0.12 m3/m3 , stable over the study period and consistent between in situ and satellite observations. A better understanding of the SM–LST link could not only help improving the representation of LST in current hydrological and climate prediction models, but also refining SM retrieval or microwave-optical disaggregation algorithms, related to ET and vegetation status.Peer ReviewedPostprint (published version

Sensitivity to Soil Moisture and Observation Geometry of Spaceborne GNSS-R Delay-Doppler Maps

© 2019 IEEE. Personal use of this material is permitted. Permission from IEEE must be obtained for all other uses, in any current or future media, including reprinting/republishing this material for advertising or promotional purposes,creating new collective works, for resale or redistribution to servers or lists, or reuse of any copyrighted component of this work in other works.Thanks to the successful operations of the UK TDS-1 and NASA CYGNSS GNSS-R missions, a wealth of Delay-Doppler Maps (DDM) are being measured from the ocean, but also from land reflections. Using the land reflected DDM, several studies are being conducted to retrieve the land geophysical parameters, such as soil moisture, vegetation depth, and biomass. Although they have shown the dependence of the land geophysical parameters on the DDM, it is also shown that many other parameters impact the DDM. This work presents the impacts of some parameters on the DDM. For the systematical and efficient study, an E2E simulator is used. The simulator generates the synthesized DDM reflected over land varying the input parameters, which are the specular point position on the Earth, the elevation angle at the specular points, soil moisture, etc. From the simulation results, the relation between the input parameters and the DDM is individually analyzed, providing the clue to the retrieval algorithm of the geophysical parameters.Peer ReviewedPostprint (author's final draft

Elecciones educativas y vocacionales de las chicas onubenses que finalizan la E.S.O.: comparación de sus expectativas con las de sus docentes y familias

Este trabajo pretende conocer los elecciones educativas y vocacionales de un grupo de chicas onubenses que finalizan la ESO, comparando sus decisiones con las que proponen para ellas sus docentes y familiares . La muestra de! estudio estuvo compuesta por un total de 291 chicas, junto con sus profesores tutores y familia.Los datos fueron recogidos a través de un cuestionario (profesorado y dos entrevistas semi estructuradas (alumnas familias). De los resultados se destaca que cursar Bachillerato es la opción que mayoritariamente eligen las alumnas, los/as docentes y las familias que la desean para sus hijas. Se debe destacartambién que las respuestas emitidas por las familias muestran una alta valoración del trabajo, entendiendo que este es incuestionable en el futuro de sus hijos , si bien no se manifiesta un interés especial por que estas alcancen altos niveles de cua lificación y prestigio profesionalThis paper aims to identify the educational and career decisions 0/ el .sample of girls from lluel vu at tile, end of the compulsory education It also compares fire girls decesion.% slit), those proposed for them by their teachers and parents. Tire sample of the ,study was a group uf 29/ girls, altogether with their teachers and parents. Data were collected throught a questionnaire (for teal hers) and tsw, seno-structured intervie ws or pupils and for parent.․). Results show that choosing high sz•ltewl is the oto.st jrequevu option selected by the three groups. However, whereas the percentage uf girls who select chis option is higher than the percentage of teachers that think the' should choose it, its tower than the percentage of parents that selected it for their daughters. Another important result is that though parents give a high value to work as an important role in their daughters 'future. the' do not show especial interest un the fuer they reach high levels of qualification and career prestig

Digital inclusion of mature students: Analysis of their attitudes and ICT competences

Esta investigación se propone identificar las actitudes y competencias de los estudiantes adultos en relación con el uso de las TIC, con especial atención al uso de plataformas digitales de aprendizaje y redes sociales (Web 2.0). Asimismo, evalúa la incidencia de algunas variables sociodemográficas (género y edad) en el uso estas herramientas y en la autopercepción de los estudiantes sobre sus competencias digitales. Se ha realizado un estudio tipo encuesta con una muestra de 382 estudiantes que acceden a la Universidad de Sevilla a través de las vías establecidas para mayores de 25, de 40 y 45 años. Los resultados ponen de manifiesto una actitud generalmente positiva ante las TIC que puede calificarse como de pragmática, ya que estas herramientas se valoran positivamente en función de sus potenciales beneficios en los procesos de aprendizaje. Se constata a la vez que no han recibido formación específica en el uso de las TIC. El nivel de competencia que este alumnado percibe tener en el uso de estos recursos es medio-bajo. Además, el grupo de estudiantes mayores de 45 años se considera menos competente que los mayores de 25 y de 40 años. En consecuencia, se realizan algunas propuestas para mejorar la participación de los estudiantes maduros en la enseñanza universitaria.This research aims to identify the attitudes and competences of mature students regarding information and communication technologies (ICT), with special focus on digital learning platforms and social networks (Web 2.0). In addition, the study tries to assess the influence of several socio-demographic variables (gender and age) in the use of these tools and in the students’ self-perception of their digital competency. The research uses the survey method and a questionnaire has been applied to a sample of 382 students entering the University of Seville via the special routes for older than 25, than 40 and 45 years. Results showed a general positive attitude towards the ICT, which could also be qualified as pragmatic, since the tools are positively valued based on their potential benefits in the learning processes. Results also point to the fact that students have not been specifically trained in the use of ITC. The level of competency that they claim to possess regarding the use of these resources is medium-low. Furthermore, the over 45 year group declare themselves less competent than the over 25 and 40. Finally, some suggestions are given in order to improve the participation of mature students in Higher Education

Estudio exploratorio de las aspiraciones y expectativas educativas, profesionales y vitales de las chicas que finalizan la escolaridad obligatoria

La finalización de la escolaridad obligatoria es un momento de gran trascendencia en el proceso de toma de decisiones vocacionales, pues los/as jóvenes se ven en la necesidad de optar por caminos diferentes que irán reduciendo progresivamente su abanico de posibilidades. Por otra parte, la incidencia de los estereotipos de género en los procesos de toma de decisiones tiene consecuencias importantes en el mercado laboral, pues todavía persiste en el mismo una importante segregación tanto vertical como horizontal. Orientar profesionalmente a las chicas jóvenes desde perspectivas que superen estos estereotipos debería constituirse en un objetivo irrenunciable de los programas orientadores. En consecuencia, es necesario identificar cuál es el bagaje con el que las chicas afrontan la finalización de la educación obligatoria y la construcción de su proyecto vital y profesional. Este es el objetivo del trabajo que presentamos, en el que hemos explorado las imágenes, expectativas y valores vitales de un conjunto de chicas que finalizaban el cuarto curso de la ESO

Girls’ academic and career interests when finishing compulsory education

Este artículo presenta un estudio exploratorio sobre los intereses académicos y profesionales de chicas que terminan la escolaridad obligatoria. Trabajos similares han destacado la inclinación de las chicas a elegir estudios vinculados a la atención y al cuidado de otras personas. Así, desde finales del siglo XIX, la enseñanza y la enfermería se han mostrado como los dos nichos laborales eminentemente femeninos. Una de nuestras pretensiones ha sido conocer si se ha ampliado el campo de intereses profesionales de las chicas y, si ha sido así, qué nuevos ámbitos son los elegidos. Además hemos contrastado las aspiraciones académicas con el nivel de cualificación profesional de sus progenitores. Se optó por un muestreo por cuotas. Participaron en la investigación 291 chicas que cursaban la Educación Secundaria Obligatoria en institutos de seis localidades de la provincia de Huelva. También participaron 243 madres o padres. Para la recogida de los datos se ha utilizado la entrevista estructurada, con guiones específicos según los objetivos y los informantes. Se han realizado análisis cuantitativos y cualitativos. Los datos reflejan que casi un tercio de las chicas opta por cursar un Ciclo Formativo y que más de dos tercios optan por el Bachillerato. Tres ámbitos profesionales han sido los escogidos por casi el 50% de la muestra: bio-sanitario, psico-pedagógico y administrativo. Junto a estos resultados se incluyen otros que permiten profundizar más en este tema, al concretar que puesto de trabajo específico les gustaría desempeñar, así como las razones que esgrimen para justificarlo. Se han evidenciado diferencias notables en los datos aportados por las chicas según las localidades de origen. Apenas se atisba la tendencia a diversificar las elecciones profesionales, aunque es destacable el interés por proseguir estudios, lo cual marca una gran diferencia en relación a la situación de sus madresThis paper is about an exploratory study of girls’ academic and career interests when finishing compulsory education. Previous similar studies have shown girls tendency to choose careers in which they have to look after and to take care of other people. Since the end of XIX century, teaching and nursing have been professions for women. So that, one of our aims has been to explore if this situation has already changed. In that case we would like to know which are the young women new careers interests. We have also asked them about their academic interests, these data have been checked with their mothers and fathers professional qualification level. We selected a quote sample procedure. 291 girls, from six localities around Huelva city, coursing the fourth grade of Secondary Education, were implied in this study. 243 mothers or fathers also participated. To collect data we carried out structured interviews, with particular questions guides for different objectives and subjects. To analyze data we used both quantitative and qualitative methods, depending on their nature. Data pointed out that almost one part of three of them is going to study a ‘Ciclo Formativo’, the two other parts prefer to study ‘Bachillerato’. Three careers are the most chosen (almost the 50%), they are related to medicine/nursing, teaching and secretary. Other results that let us go deeper in this inquiry are also included, they are about which specific jobs they would like to do, and which are their reasons. Findings show that there are differences between girls’ elections depending on the city they are living. It is remarkable that the original situation about girls professional interests has not changed a lot, but they emphasized they want to do further studies, and this is a great advance if we compare with their mothers academic live

Which are the young girls' vital values at the end of the compulsory education?

En este trabajo se describen los valores vitales de un grupo de jóvenes (15-17 años) que cursan cuarto de ESO1. La muestra está formada por 285 chicas que estudian en seis institutos de la provincia de Huelva. La investigación es descriptiva y la recogida de información se realiza a través del método de encuesta. Los resultados obtenidos muestran que lo más importante para las alumnas es conseguir trabajo, seguido de tener estudios universitarios. En tercer y cuarto lugar las chicas sitúan tener pareja y disfrutar del tiempo libre, siendo la maternidad la opción que figura en último lugar. En conclusión, las chicas priorizan el conseguir un trabajo y ser independientes, todo ello antes de ser madres y de formar una familia. La maternidad la incluyen en sus planes de vida, pero condicionada al logro de la autonomía personal y profesionalIn this paper we describe the vital values of young girls (age 15-17) who are finishing the compulsory education. A sample of 285 girls, from six different socio-economic contexts of Huelva, were selected to participate in the research. The study used a descriptive method and was developed by applying the interview technique for data collecting. Results show that getting a job and having an university degree were the most important things for young girls. After these, they emphasized the importance of having a partner and enjoying leisure activities. Playing the maternity role and having their own family was her last election. This way, having a degree was seen as a mean to get a job and become independent, but they declared to be afraid of motherhood and the responsability it recquieres. In conclusion, becoming a mother was seen as condicionated by financial independenc