Poder, religião e violência popular no Império Romano Tardio: os motins de Calama de junho de 408 d.C.

The objective of this paper is to present the general lines of the current debate on the urban violence and the religious conflicts in the Later Roman Empire. We also discuss the importance of to change the prevailing perspective of the current studies to understand the reasons and the motivations of the popular involvement in these disputes. This alternative approach is applied here to the specific case of the involvement of pagans and Christians in the riots of June 408 in the small town of Calama, in North Africa. This is a typical example of collective violence that has been traditionally analyzed as an expression of the innate hostilities between the religious groups, or even as a clash between the loyal clienteles respectively of the civic leaders and the Christian bishop acting on behalf of the interests of its heads. Yet, as it is argued here, this collective action can be seen in an entirely new light if it is analyzed in its social and political context and if we pay attention to the aims and experiences not only of the leaders, but of all social agents.O objetivo deste artigo é apresentar as linhas gerais dos debates atuais sobre as violências urbanas e os conflitos religiosos no Império Romano Tardio e discutir a importância de invertermos a atual perspectiva dos estudos para compreendermos as razões e as motivações do engajamento popular nessas disputas. Essa abordagem alternativa é aplicada neste texto ao caso específico do envolvimento de pagãos e cristãos nos motins de junho de 408 d.C., na pequena cidade de Calama, na África do Norte. Trata-se de um episódio de violência coletiva que já foi tradicionalmente interpretado como a expressão natural das rivalidades entre os grupos religiosos ou mesmo como um embate entre clientelas fiéis atuando em nome dos interesses de seus chefes. Mas é um significado totalmente novo que essa ação coletiva adquire quando se leva em conta seu contexto social e político específico, bem como as expectativas e experiências de todos os agentes sociais

A PESTE ANTONINA: A EXPERIÊNCIA E O IMPACTO DE UMA PANDEMIA NA ANTIGUIDADE

De todas as epidemias que grassaram na antiguidade, a Peste Antonina é certamente a melhor documentada. Apesar disso, a natureza das fontes de que dispomos faz com que a compreensão moderna de seus impactos seja objeto de interpretações divergentes. No entanto, os avanços recentes no estudo das patologias do passado e nossa experiência recente com a COVID-19 têm aberto novas perspectivas para o estudo dessa que pode ser considerada a primeira pandemia já registrada. O objetivo deste artigo é apresentar as dificuldades de interpretação sobre o impacto e as consequências da Peste Antonina, mas também refletir sobre a experiência dessa epidemia à luz das questões do presente

As inscrições sobre o Colonato nas Propriedades Fundiárias Imperiais da África Romana (1): A inscrição de Henchir Mettich (CIL VIII, 25902). Apresentação, texto e tradução

L’Afrique du Nord sous l’Empire romain a connu une extraordinaire mise en valeur agricole, qui fut, en grande mesure, fondée sur un système particulier d’exploitation de la terre, le « colonat ». Ce système nous est éclairé par une série de six grandes inscriptions relatives aux domaines impériaux de la vallée du Mejerda, dans la région du Tell tunisien, découvertes au tournant des XIXe et XXe siècles. Premier d’une série de trois articles sur ces inscriptions, ce texte présente une traduction commentée du plus ancien de ces documents épigraphiques, l’inscription d’Henchir Mettich.

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear un derstanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5–7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8–11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world’s most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepre sented in biodiversity databases.13–15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may elim inate pieces of the Amazon’s biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological com munities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple or ganism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region’s vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most ne glected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lostinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear understanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5,6,7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8,9,10,11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world's most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepresented in biodiversity databases.13,14,15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may eliminate pieces of the Amazon's biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological communities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple organism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region's vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most neglected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lost

Impact of COVID-19 on cardiovascular testing in the United States versus the rest of the world

Objectives: This study sought to quantify and compare the decline in volumes of cardiovascular procedures between the United States and non-US institutions during the early phase of the coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Background: The COVID-19 pandemic has disrupted the care of many non-COVID-19 illnesses. Reductions in diagnostic cardiovascular testing around the world have led to concerns over the implications of reduced testing for cardiovascular disease (CVD) morbidity and mortality. Methods: Data were submitted to the INCAPS-COVID (International Atomic Energy Agency Non-Invasive Cardiology Protocols Study of COVID-19), a multinational registry comprising 909 institutions in 108 countries (including 155 facilities in 40 U.S. states), assessing the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on volumes of diagnostic cardiovascular procedures. Data were obtained for April 2020 and compared with volumes of baseline procedures from March 2019. We compared laboratory characteristics, practices, and procedure volumes between U.S. and non-U.S. facilities and between U.S. geographic regions and identified factors associated with volume reduction in the United States. Results: Reductions in the volumes of procedures in the United States were similar to those in non-U.S. facilities (68% vs. 63%, respectively; p = 0.237), although U.S. facilities reported greater reductions in invasive coronary angiography (69% vs. 53%, respectively; p < 0.001). Significantly more U.S. facilities reported increased use of telehealth and patient screening measures than non-U.S. facilities, such as temperature checks, symptom screenings, and COVID-19 testing. Reductions in volumes of procedures differed between U.S. regions, with larger declines observed in the Northeast (76%) and Midwest (74%) than in the South (62%) and West (44%). Prevalence of COVID-19, staff redeployments, outpatient centers, and urban centers were associated with greater reductions in volume in U.S. facilities in a multivariable analysis. Conclusions: We observed marked reductions in U.S. cardiovascular testing in the early phase of the pandemic and significant variability between U.S. regions. The association between reductions of volumes and COVID-19 prevalence in the United States highlighted the need for proactive efforts to maintain access to cardiovascular testing in areas most affected by outbreaks of COVID-19 infection

O "clamor do pobre" e o "poder do povo": pobreza, cidadania e ação coletiva nas cidades da África Romana Tardia

A passagem de um modelo cívico para um modelo cristão das relações sociais tem sido vista por muitos autores como uma das mais cruciais transformações da Antiguidade Tardia. Essa visão não deixa, porém, de ter o inconveniente de apresentar as categorias cívicas como fósseis destinados a desaparecer e o discurso sobre a caridade e a pobreza como uma força transformadora que dá um lugar aos "pobres", mas que não é nunca moldada por eles. O objetivo deste artigo é questionar a pertinência desta abordagem no caso particular das cidades da África do Norte durante os séculos IV e V Ao fazer isso, espero demonstrar como esse novo discurso sobre a caridade e a pobreza podia coexistir e se articular nos meios populares citadinos com as antigas noções de cidadania e de direitos como parte de um mesmo conjunto de estratégias de sobrevivência e de formas de ação coletiva

Dos arquivos da perseguição às histórias dos mártires: hagiografia, memória e propaganda na África romana

A passagem dos atos e das paixões dos mártires, escritos no calor das perseguições, às narrativas martirológicas mais legendárias e épicas, que se difundem a partir do final do século IV e do início do século V, foi muitas vezes vista, pelos historiadores, como uma das mais marcantes transformações da hagiografia na Antiguidade Tardia. Contudo, o uso dos registros dos processos judiciais para a redação tanto das tradicionais atas dos mártires como para essas novas narrativas mais extensas e épicas continuou sendo altamente valorizado pelos cristãos do Norte da África, tanto católicos como donatistas, ao menos até o começo do século V. O objetivo deste artigo é investigar as razões desse apreço pelos documentos de arquivo, sobretudo oficiais, e os diferentes usos práticos que deles fizeram os cristãos africanos, do século III ao início do século V