Patto di famiglia e tutela individuale del legittimario

Law 55/2006 (entitled “Amendments to the Civil Code dealing with “Patto di Famiglia”), which came into force on March 16th 2006, amended the Italian Civil Code by creating the legal institute of “patto di famiglia”, which aims at allowing the transfer of enterprise or shareholdings during the life of the enterpreurner and entails an exception to inheritance rules. Many interpretative problems arise from the unclear phrasing of the new regulation; among these the most relevant one - both in theory and in practice - relates to the identification of the necessary parties of the “patto di famiglia”, whose defect of consent leads to voidness of the contract. In particular, it is not certain whether the spouse and the persons entitled by law to a share of the deceased’s estate to whom the enterprise and/or the shares are not assigned must participate to the contract. Namely, since the first paragraph of article 768-quater CC, provides that “the spouse and any person who would be entitled by law to a share of the deceased’s estate existing at the time of the conclusion of the agreement must participate to the agreement”, some authors argue that the persons entitled by law to a share of the deceased’s estate should give their consent to the “patto di famiglia”, while, according to others, those have just to be informed of its conclusion. Three theories were formulated with regard to articles 768 bis, 768 quater, paragraph 1 and 768 paragraph 1 CC. According to both first and second theory, the persons entitled by law to a share of the deceased’s estate must be a party to the “patto di famiglia”, however, while according to the former their participation is not essential, for the latter the lack of the participation of the persons entitled by law to a share of the deceased’s estate existing at the time of the conclusion of the agreement makes the contract void. A third point of view assumes the ‘patto di famiglia’ as a special contract for the benefit of third parties: the participation to the contract of any person who is not assignee of the enterprise and/or the shares and would be entitled by law to a share of the deceased’s estate is considered to be required by art. 768 quater CC for a different purpose than the participation of the disposing ascendant and assignee descendant (art. 768 bis). Namely, whilst the presence of the latters is necessary for the validity of the contract, the agreement of the persons who would be entitled by law to a share of the deceased’s estate and are not assignees is required in order to make the agreement enforceable towards them and to convert the share of the testator’s estate reserved by law for certain heirs into the right to receive its monetary value, which has to be calculated considering the enterprise and/or the shareholdings’ value. This paper analyses the matter above and the role of the persons who would be entitled by law to a share of the deceased’s. The research leads to the conclusion that the participation of the persons entitled by law to a share of the deceased’s estate non-assegnees is required for the validity of the contract. The regulation of “patto di famiglia” appears to be inspired by the criterion of the compulsory involvement at law of all persons entitled by law to a share of the deceased’s estate existing at a given time, because of the relevancy of the their interests at stake: far from being considered mere parties of the contract, they must be regarded as essential parties instead, whose consent is necessary for the validity of the “patto di famiglia” (Art. 1418, paragraph 1, of the Civil Code). Therefore, if one of the persons entitled by law to a share of the deceased’s estate cannot or does not want to participate to the agreement, it will not be possibile to conclude the “patto di famiglia” ; instead, the enterprises’s and/or the enterprises shareholdings’ transfer should be guaranteed by using different kinds of contractual agreements. This conclusion also seems to be confirmed by the unsuccessful attempts made to amend the Italian “patto di famiglia” regulation over 2011 and 2012. Namely, all the legislative initiatives providing the amendment of Art. 768, letter d) CC, concerning the “participation” to the ‘patto di famiglia’, layed out the possibility for the agreement to be drawn up also without the presence of all the persons entitled by law to a share of the deceased’s estate. Such proposals seem to confirm the fact that the regulation now in force subordinates the validity of the “patto di famiglia” to the consent of the persons entitled by law to a share of the deceased’s estate

A MORADIA VERTICAL – UM ESTUDO SOBRE O PROCESSO DE APROPRIAÇÃO DA CASA E SEU ENTORNO SOCIOFÍSICO

Este artigo apresenta os resultados de uma pesquisa sobre o ambiente urbano, realizada na cidade de Criciúma, Santa Catarina, Brasil – sob a perspectiva da Psicologia Ambiental, que serviu de base para a dissertação de mestrado em Ciências Ambientais da primeira autora. Trata-se de um estudo sobre a moradia vertical, em uma abordagem de pesquisa qualitativa, cujo método utilizado foi estudo de caso e a técnica de coleta de dados primários foi a entrevista semiestruturada. Os dados secundários foram buscados na prefeitura municipal de Criciúma (SC) e no Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística, IBGE. O projeto de pesquisa foi aprovado na Plataforma Brasil, pelo Comitê de Ética para Pesquisa com Humanos. O coletivo amostral foi composto por 26 moradores residentes em prédios localizados em diversas ruas do bairro Comerciário, com tempo de moradia entre cinco a 16 anos. Os objetivos desta pesquisa foram verificar o processo de apropriação da casa e como se dão as relações sociais na vida coletiva dos moradores de edifícios, bem como analisar a percepção das pessoas em relação ao entorno sociofísico. O estudo demonstrou que a verticalização acaba por contribuir para a mudança de modos de vida e para o isolamento do indivíduo de seu convívio social, apesar de aparentar uma coletividade devido à proximidade das habitações. Os moradores entrevistados não têm vínculo social no bairro nem possuem envolvimento com os acontecimentos pertencentes à comunidade externa, atribuindo à sua vida social no bairro características que eles chamam de “reservada”, “individualista”, “praticamente nula” e “sem perturbações

Plenitude Institucional no Ensino Superior Uma Análise das Universidades do Sistema ACAFE

O estímulo à abertura de organizações de ensino superior pela iniciativa privada, estimulado no Brasil pela LDB 93949/96, aumentou exponencialmente a presença de instituições no país, nos últimos anos. Não apenas pelas responsabilidades inerentes à sua natureza, mas especialmente pelo formato adotado na oferta de serviços educacionais, as instituições de ensino superior brasileiras privadas tendem a desenvolver uma atitude introvertida. Enfatizam essencialmente o ensino e superficializam outras funções essenciais de sua constituição. Apesar de reconhecerem a importância das outras funções ainda é pouco visível a presença de estruturas e mecanismos institucionais que suportam a completude de cobertura de suas funções, isto é, a plenitude institucional. Nesta pesquisa, buscou-se identificar, numa amostra de universidades comunitárias o grau de plenitude institucional, segundo o modelo Rodrigues e Tontini (1997). Para tanto, pesquisou-se de forma exploratória, as universidades pertencentes à Associação das Fundações Educacionais de Santa Catarina - ACAFE. A pesquisa envolveu todos os membros das Reitorias e uma amostra de 30% dos Coordenadores de curso das instituições. Os principais resultados indicam que, conceptivamente, todas as universidades pesquisadas possuem estruturas internalistas. Raras instituições apresentam políticas de estímulo, mecanismos, estruturas ou organizações de pesquisa e desenvolvimento, que as coloquem mais próximas de sua plenitude institucional. As principais conclusões indicam que, apesar de evidências de atitudes empreendedoras, em direção à plenitude institucional, há ainda necessidade de maiores avanços em direção à concepção de estruturas mais eficientes e mais abertas que poderiam contribuir de forma mais direta para o desenvolvimento sócio-econômico de suas áreas de abrangência

Modulation of microRNome by Human Cytomegalovirus and Human Herpesvirus 6 Infection in Human Dermal Fibroblasts: Possible Significance in the Induction of Fibrosis in Systemic Sclerosis

Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) and Human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6) have been reportedly suggested as triggers of the onset and/or progression of systemic sclerosis (SSc), a severe autoimmune disorder characterized by multi-organ fibrosis. The etiology and pathogenesis of SSc are still largely unknown but virological and immunological observations support a role for these beta-herpesviruses, and we recently observed a direct impact of HCMV and HHV-6 infection on the expression of cell factors associated with fibrosis at the cell level. Since miRNA expression has been found profoundly deregulated at the tissue level, here we aimed to investigate the impact on cell microRNome (miRNome) of HCMV and HHV-6 infection in in vitro infected primary human dermal fibroblasts, which represent one of the main SSc target cells. The analysis, performed by Taqman arrays detecting and quantifying 754 microRNAs (miRNAs), showed that both herpesviruses significantly modulated miRNA expression in infected cells, with evident early and late effects and deep modulation (>10 fold) of >40 miRNAs at each time post infection, including those previously recognized for their key function in fibrosis. The correlation between these in vitro results with in vivo observations is strongly suggestive of a role of HCMV and/or HHV-6 in the multistep pathogenesis of fibrosis in SSc and in the induction of fibrosis-signaling pathways finally leading to tissue fibrosis. The identification of specific miRNAs may open the way to their use as biomarkers for SSc diagnosis, assessment of disease progression and possible antifibrotic therapies

O Ensino da História Local: comparando resultados de intervenção tradicional e de intervenção lúdica.

O presente trabalho tem por objetivo verificar a efetividade de uma abordagem lúdica no ensino da História Local. O trabalho foi desenvolvido no município de Orleans, Santa Catarina, em uma escola da Rede Estadual de Ensino, em duas turmas de terceiro ano, do Ensino Fundamental I. Para o levantamento de dados referentes aos conhecimentos prévios dos alunos em relação à história local, utilizou-se a aplicação de questionário. A partir dos dados coletados, realizou-se uma intervenção tradicional com a turma matutina e uma intervenção lúdica com a turma vespertina. Após experimentadas as intervenções, constatou-se que a turma cuja abordagem do conteúdo deu-se de forma lúdica obteve desempenho superior, em relação à verificação dos conhecimentos, o que nos permite destacar a viabilidade de se optar pelo lúdico no ensino da História Local

International retrospective study of allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation for activated PI3K-delta syndrome

Immunodeficiència primària; Limfoproliferació; Inhibidor de mTORInmunodeficiencia primaria; Linfoproliferación; Inhibidor de mTORPrimary immunodeficiency; Lymphoproliferation; MTOR inhibitorBackground Activated phosphoinositide 3-kinase delta syndrome (APDS) is a combined immunodeficiency with a heterogeneous phenotype considered reversible by allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT). Objectives This study sought to characterize HCT outcomes in APDS. Methods Retrospective data were collected on 57 patients with APDS1/2 (median age, 13 years; range, 2-66 years) who underwent HCT. Results Pre-HCT comorbidities such as lung, gastrointestinal, and liver pathology were common, with hematologic malignancy in 26%. With median follow-up of 2.3 years, 2-year overall and graft failure–free survival probabilities were 86% and 68%, respectively, and did not differ significantly by APDS1 versus APDS2, donor type, or conditioning intensity. The 2-year cumulative incidence of graft failure following first HCT was 17% overall but 42% if mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitor(s) (mTORi) were used in the first year post-HCT, compared with 9% without mTORi. Similarly, 2-year cumulative incidence of unplanned donor cell infusion was overall 28%, but 65% in the context of mTORi receipt and 23% without. Phenotype reversal occurred in 96% of evaluable patients, of whom 17% had mixed chimerism. Vulnerability to renal complications continued post-HCT, adding new insights into potential nonimmunologic roles of phosphoinositide 3-kinase not correctable through HCT. Conclusions Graft failure, graft instability, and poor graft function requiring unplanned donor cell infusion were major barriers to successful HCT. Post-HCT mTORi use may confer an advantage to residual host cells, promoting graft instability. Longer-term post-HCT follow-up of more patients is needed to elucidate the kinetics of immune reconstitution and donor chimerism, establish approaches that reduce graft instability, and assess the completeness of phenotype reversal over time.This research was funded in part from the Intramural Program of the National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health. The funding source had no involvement in study design; collection, analysis, and interpretation of data; writing of the report; or in the decision to submit the article for publication

Impacto ambiental da tecnologia da informação

Na década de 1980 com os novos recursos da tecnologia da informação acreditava-se que haveria uma diminuição do uso do papel ou até mesmo sua completa extinção nos escritórios. Percebeu-se, porém, que o efeito foi inverso. O consumo de papel aumentou e com ele os problemas ambientais ligados à indústria do papel e celulose. Este trabalho discute o impacto ambiental que a tecnologia da informação está causando apesar dos esforços no sentido de que os processos se desenvolvam de uma forma independente do papel. A internet vem fazendo sua parte, através dos periódicos eletrônicos e dos e-books alterando, de forma radical, a maneira de se trabalhar e de fazer negócios e sem dúvida. Por outro lado, a quantidade de informações geradas tem multiplicado nos últimos anos e a cultura da impressão ainda permanece na mente das pessoas. Ainda prevalece a idéia de que um determinado documento somente existe quando ele está fisicamente palpável.In the eighties it was believed that the new technological resources of information would provoke a decrease in the use of paper or even a thorough extintion of this stationery. However, an opposite effect to the expected one was noticed, the consumption of paper increased and so the environmental problems linked to paper and cellulose became present. This work discusses the environmental impact which the information technology has been causing due to the increase in the paper use, despite the efforts which have been made for the processes to be developed in a non-depending-on-paper forms. Internet has radically been changing the way of working and making businesses and, doubtlessly, the electronic magazines/papers and the e-books avoid the need of paper printing, but, on the other hand, the amount of information generated has been being multiplied in the last years and the printing culture remains in people´s minds, and the idea that a certain document just exits when it is physically touchable still prevails

Future Directions in the Diagnosis and Treatment of APDS and IEI: a Survey of German IEI Centers

IntroductionThe diagnosis and treatment of inborn errors of immunity (IEI) is a major challenge as the individual conditions are rare and often characterized by a variety of symptoms, which are often non disease-specific. Ideally, patients are treated in dedicated centers by physicians who specialize in the management of primary immune disorders. In this study, we used the example of Activated PI3Kδ syndrome (APDS), a rare IEI with an estimated prevalence of 1:1,000,000. We conducted surveys by questionnaire and interviewed physicians at different IEI centers in Germany.MethodsWe queried structural aspects of IEI care in Germany, diagnostic procedures in IEI care (including molecular diagnostics), distribution of APDS patients, APDS symptoms and severity, treatment algorithms in APDS, the role of stem cell transplantation and targeted therapies in IEI with focus on APDS. We were especially interested in how genetic diagnostics may influence treatment decisions, e.g. with regard to targeted therapies.Results/discussionMost centers care for both pediatric and adult patients. A total of 28 APDS patients are currently being treated at the centers we surveyed. Patient journeys vary considerably, as does severity of disease. Genetic diagnosis continues to gain importance - whole genome sequencing is likely to become routine in IEI in the next few years. According to the experts interviewed, stem cell transplantation and - with new molecules being approved - targeted therapies, will gain in importance for the treatment of APDS and IEI in general

EXPLORANDO O SOFTWARE GEOGEBRA

O presente trabalho pretende apresentar os resultados obtidos através do estudo do software GeoGebra,com o objetivo de incentivar e facilitar a utilização deste software livre, nas aulas de matemática em todos os níveis de ensino. Pretende-se ainda apresentar algumas possibilidades de aplicações de utilização do software nas aulas de matemática