219 research outputs found
Patto di famiglia e tutela individuale del legittimario
Law 55/2006 (entitled âAmendments to the Civil Code dealing with âPatto di Famigliaâ), which
came into force on March 16th 2006, amended the Italian Civil Code by creating the legal institute
of âpatto di famigliaâ, which aims at allowing the transfer of enterprise or shareholdings
during the life of the enterpreurner and entails an exception to inheritance rules. Many interpretative problems arise from the unclear phrasing of the new regulation;
among these the most relevant one - both in theory and in practice - relates to the identification
of the necessary parties of the âpatto di famigliaâ, whose defect of consent leads to
voidness of the contract. In particular, it is not certain whether the spouse and the persons
entitled by law to a share of the deceasedâs estate to whom the enterprise and/or the shares
are not assigned must participate to the contract. Namely, since the first paragraph of article
768-quater CC, provides that âthe spouse and any person who would be entitled by law
to a share of the deceasedâs estate existing at the time of the conclusion of the agreement
must participate to the agreementâ, some authors argue that the persons entitled by law to
a share of the deceasedâs estate should give their consent to the âpatto di famigliaâ, while,
according to others, those have just to be informed of its conclusion.
Three theories were formulated with regard to articles 768 bis, 768 quater, paragraph 1
and 768 paragraph 1 CC. According to both first and second theory, the persons entitled by
law to a share of the deceasedâs estate must be a party to the âpatto di famigliaâ, however,
while according to the former their participation is not essential, for the latter the lack of
the participation of the persons entitled by law to a share of the deceasedâs estate existing
at the time of the conclusion of the agreement makes the contract void.
A third point of view assumes the âpatto di famigliaâ as a special contract for the benefit
of third parties: the participation to the contract of any person who is not assignee of
the enterprise and/or the shares and would be entitled by law to a share of the deceasedâs
estate is considered to be required by art. 768 quater CC for a different purpose than the
participation of the disposing ascendant and assignee descendant (art. 768 bis). Namely,
whilst the presence of the latters is necessary for the validity of the contract, the agreement
of the persons who would be entitled by law to a share of the deceasedâs estate and are not
assignees is required in order to make the agreement enforceable towards them and to
convert the share of the testatorâs estate reserved by law for certain heirs into the right to
receive its monetary value, which has to be calculated considering the enterprise and/or
the shareholdingsâ value.
This paper analyses the matter above and the role of the persons who would be entitled by
law to a share of the deceasedâs.
The research leads to the conclusion that the participation of the persons entitled by law to a
share of the deceasedâs estate non-assegnees is required for the validity of the contract.
The regulation of âpatto di famigliaâ appears to be inspired by the criterion of the compulsory
involvement at law of all persons entitled by law to a share of the deceasedâs estate existing
at a given time, because of the relevancy of the their interests at stake: far from being considered
mere parties of the contract, they must be regarded as essential parties instead, whose
consent is necessary for the validity of the âpatto di famigliaâ (Art. 1418, paragraph 1, of the
Civil Code). Therefore, if one of the persons entitled by law to a share of the deceasedâs estate
cannot or does not want to participate to the agreement, it will not be possibile to conclude
the âpatto di famigliaâ ; instead, the enterprisesâs and/or the enterprises shareholdingsâ transfer
should be guaranteed by using different kinds of contractual agreements.
This conclusion also seems to be confirmed by the unsuccessful attempts made to amend
the Italian âpatto di famigliaâ regulation over 2011 and 2012. Namely, all the legislative initiatives providing the amendment of Art. 768, letter d) CC, concerning the âparticipationâ
to the âpatto di famigliaâ, layed out the possibility for the agreement to be drawn up
also without the presence of all the persons entitled by law to a share of the deceasedâs
estate. Such proposals seem to confirm the fact that the regulation now in force subordinates
the validity of the âpatto di famigliaâ to the consent of the persons entitled by law to
a share of the deceasedâs estate
Durata delle locazioni concluse dall'usufruttuario: fra disciplina codicistica e legislazione speciale
A MORADIA VERTICAL â UM ESTUDO SOBRE O PROCESSO DE APROPRIAĂĂO DA CASA E SEU ENTORNO SOCIOFĂSICO
Este artigo apresenta os resultados de uma pesquisa sobre o ambiente urbano, realizada na cidade de CriciĂșma, Santa Catarina, Brasil â sob a perspectiva da Psicologia Ambiental, que serviu de base para a dissertação de mestrado em CiĂȘncias Ambientais da primeira autora. Trata-se de um estudo sobre a moradia vertical, em uma abordagem de pesquisa qualitativa, cujo mĂ©todo utilizado foi estudo de caso e a tĂ©cnica de coleta de dados primĂĄrios foi a entrevista semiestruturada. Os dados secundĂĄrios foram buscados na prefeitura municipal de CriciĂșma (SC) e no Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e EstatĂstica, IBGE. O projeto de pesquisa foi aprovado na Plataforma Brasil, pelo ComitĂȘ de Ătica para Pesquisa com Humanos. O coletivo amostral foi composto por 26 moradores residentes em prĂ©dios localizados em diversas ruas do bairro ComerciĂĄrio, com tempo de moradia entre cinco a 16 anos. Os objetivos desta pesquisa foram verificar o processo de apropriação da casa e como se dĂŁo as relaçÔes sociais na vida coletiva dos moradores de edifĂcios, bem como analisar a percepção das pessoas em relação ao entorno sociofĂsico. O estudo demonstrou que a verticalização acaba por contribuir para a mudança de modos de vida e para o isolamento do indivĂduo de seu convĂvio social, apesar de aparentar uma coletividade devido Ă proximidade das habitaçÔes. Os moradores entrevistados nĂŁo tĂȘm vĂnculo social no bairro nem possuem envolvimento com os acontecimentos pertencentes Ă comunidade externa, atribuindo Ă sua vida social no bairro caracterĂsticas que eles chamam de âreservadaâ, âindividualistaâ, âpraticamente nulaâ e âsem perturbaçÔes
Plenitude Institucional no Ensino Superior Uma AnĂĄlise das Universidades do Sistema ACAFE
O estĂmulo Ă abertura de organizaçÔes de ensino superior pela iniciativa privada, estimulado no Brasil pela LDB 93949/96, aumentou exponencialmente a presença de instituiçÔes no paĂs, nos Ășltimos anos. NĂŁo apenas pelas responsabilidades inerentes Ă sua natureza, mas especialmente pelo formato adotado na oferta de serviços educacionais, as instituiçÔes de ensino superior brasileiras privadas tendem a desenvolver uma atitude introvertida. Enfatizam essencialmente o ensino e superficializam outras funçÔes essenciais de sua constituição. Apesar de reconhecerem a importĂąncia das outras funçÔes ainda Ă© pouco visĂvel a presença de estruturas e mecanismos institucionais que suportam a completude de cobertura de suas funçÔes, isto Ă©, a plenitude institucional. Nesta pesquisa, buscou-se identificar, numa amostra de universidades comunitĂĄrias o grau de plenitude institucional, segundo o modelo Rodrigues e Tontini (1997). Para tanto, pesquisou-se de forma exploratĂłria, as universidades pertencentes Ă Associação das FundaçÔes Educacionais de Santa Catarina - ACAFE. A pesquisa envolveu todos os membros das Reitorias e uma amostra de 30% dos Coordenadores de curso das instituiçÔes. Os principais resultados indicam que, conceptivamente, todas as universidades pesquisadas possuem estruturas internalistas. Raras instituiçÔes apresentam polĂticas de estĂmulo, mecanismos, estruturas ou organizaçÔes de pesquisa e desenvolvimento, que as coloquem mais prĂłximas de sua plenitude institucional. As principais conclusĂ”es indicam que, apesar de evidĂȘncias de atitudes empreendedoras, em direção Ă plenitude institucional, hĂĄ ainda necessidade de maiores avanços em direção Ă concepção de estruturas mais eficientes e mais abertas que poderiam contribuir de forma mais direta para o desenvolvimento sĂłcio-econĂŽmico de suas ĂĄreas de abrangĂȘncia
Modulation of microRNome by Human Cytomegalovirus and Human Herpesvirus 6 Infection in Human Dermal Fibroblasts: Possible Significance in the Induction of Fibrosis in Systemic Sclerosis
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) and Human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6) have been reportedly
suggested as triggers of the onset and/or progression of systemic sclerosis (SSc), a severe
autoimmune disorder characterized by multi-organ fibrosis. The etiology and pathogenesis of SSc
are still largely unknown but virological and immunological observations support a role for these
beta-herpesviruses, and we recently observed a direct impact of HCMV and HHV-6 infection on
the expression of cell factors associated with fibrosis at the cell level. Since miRNA expression has
been found profoundly deregulated at the tissue level, here we aimed to investigate the impact on
cell microRNome (miRNome) of HCMV and HHV-6 infection in in vitro infected primary human
dermal fibroblasts, which represent one of the main SSc target cells. The analysis, performed by
Taqman arrays detecting and quantifying 754 microRNAs (miRNAs), showed that both herpesviruses
significantly modulated miRNA expression in infected cells, with evident early and late effects and
deep modulation (>10 fold) of >40 miRNAs at each time post infection, including those previously
recognized for their key function in fibrosis. The correlation between these in vitro results with
in vivo observations is strongly suggestive of a role of HCMV and/or HHV-6 in the multistep pathogenesis
of fibrosis in SSc and in the induction of fibrosis-signaling pathways finally leading to tissue
fibrosis. The identification of specific miRNAs may open the way to their use as biomarkers for SSc
diagnosis, assessment of disease progression and possible antifibrotic therapies
O Ensino da HistĂłria Local: comparando resultados de intervenção tradicional e de intervenção lĂșdica.
O presente trabalho tem por objetivo verificar a efetividade de uma abordagem lĂșdica no ensino da HistĂłria Local. O trabalho foi desenvolvido no municĂpio de Orleans, Santa Catarina, em uma escola da Rede Estadual de Ensino, em duas turmas de terceiro ano, do Ensino Fundamental I. Para o levantamento de dados referentes aos conhecimentos prĂ©vios dos alunos em relação Ă histĂłria local, utilizou-se a aplicação de questionĂĄrio. A partir dos dados coletados, realizou-se uma intervenção tradicional com a turma matutina e uma intervenção lĂșdica com a turma vespertina. ApĂłs experimentadas as intervençÔes, constatou-se que a turma cuja abordagem do conteĂșdo deu-se de forma lĂșdica obteve desempenho superior, em relação Ă verificação dos conhecimentos, o que nos permite destacar a viabilidade de se optar pelo lĂșdico no ensino da HistĂłria Local
International retrospective study of allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation for activated PI3K-delta syndrome
ImmunodeficiĂšncia primĂ ria; LimfoproliferaciĂł; Inhibidor de mTORInmunodeficiencia primaria; LinfoproliferaciĂłn; Inhibidor de mTORPrimary immunodeficiency; Lymphoproliferation; MTOR inhibitorBackground
Activated phosphoinositide 3-kinase delta syndrome (APDS) is a combined immunodeficiency with a heterogeneous phenotype considered reversible by allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT).
Objectives
This study sought to characterize HCT outcomes in APDS.
Methods
Retrospective data were collected on 57 patients with APDS1/2 (median age, 13 years; range, 2-66 years) who underwent HCT.
Results
Pre-HCT comorbidities such as lung, gastrointestinal, and liver pathology were common, with hematologic malignancy in 26%. With median follow-up of 2.3 years, 2-year overall and graft failureâfree survival probabilities were 86% and 68%, respectively, and did not differ significantly by APDS1 versus APDS2, donor type, or conditioning intensity. The 2-year cumulative incidence of graft failure following first HCT was 17% overall but 42% if mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitor(s) (mTORi) were used in the first year post-HCT, compared with 9% without mTORi. Similarly, 2-year cumulative incidence of unplanned donor cell infusion was overall 28%, but 65% in the context of mTORi receipt and 23% without. Phenotype reversal occurred in 96% of evaluable patients, of whom 17% had mixed chimerism. Vulnerability to renal complications continued post-HCT, adding new insights into potential nonimmunologic roles of phosphoinositide 3-kinase not correctable through HCT.
Conclusions
Graft failure, graft instability, and poor graft function requiring unplanned donor cell infusion were major barriers to successful HCT. Post-HCT mTORi use may confer an advantage to residual host cells, promoting graft instability. Longer-term post-HCT follow-up of more patients is needed to elucidate the kinetics of immune reconstitution and donor chimerism, establish approaches that reduce graft instability, and assess the completeness of phenotype reversal over time.This research was funded in part from the Intramural Program of the National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health. The funding source had no involvement in study design; collection, analysis, and interpretation of data; writing of the report; or in the decision to submit the article for publication
Impacto ambiental da tecnologia da informação
Na dĂ©cada de 1980 com os novos recursos da tecnologia da informação acreditava-se que haveria uma diminuição do uso do papel ou atĂ© mesmo sua completa extinção nos escritĂłrios. Percebeu-se, porĂ©m, que o efeito foi inverso. O consumo de papel aumentou e com ele os problemas ambientais ligados Ă indĂșstria do papel e celulose. Este trabalho discute o impacto ambiental que a tecnologia da informação estĂĄ causando apesar dos esforços no sentido de que os processos se desenvolvam de uma forma independente do papel. A internet vem fazendo sua parte, atravĂ©s dos periĂłdicos eletrĂŽnicos e dos e-books alterando, de forma radical, a maneira de se trabalhar e de fazer negĂłcios e sem dĂșvida. Por outro lado, a quantidade de informaçÔes geradas tem multiplicado nos Ășltimos anos e a cultura da impressĂŁo ainda permanece na mente das pessoas. Ainda prevalece a idĂ©ia de que um determinado documento somente existe quando ele estĂĄ fisicamente palpĂĄvel.In the eighties it was believed that the new technological resources of information would provoke a decrease in the use of paper or even a thorough extintion of this stationery. However, an opposite effect to the expected one was noticed, the consumption of paper increased and so the environmental problems linked to paper and cellulose became present. This work discusses the environmental impact which the information technology has been causing due to the increase in the paper use, despite the efforts which have been made for the processes to be developed in a non-depending-on-paper forms. Internet has radically been changing the way of working and making businesses and, doubtlessly, the electronic magazines/papers and the e-books avoid the need of paper printing, but, on the other hand, the amount of information generated has been being multiplied in the last years and the printing culture remains in peopleÂŽs minds, and the idea that a certain document just exits when it is physically touchable still prevails
Future Directions in the Diagnosis and Treatment of APDS and IEI: a Survey of German IEI Centers
IntroductionThe diagnosis and treatment of inborn errors of immunity (IEI) is a major challenge as the individual conditions are rare and often characterized by a variety of symptoms, which are often non disease-specific. Ideally, patients are treated in dedicated centers by physicians who specialize in the management of primary immune disorders. In this study, we used the example of Activated PI3KÎŽ syndrome (APDS), a rare IEI with an estimated prevalence of 1:1,000,000. We conducted surveys by questionnaire and interviewed physicians at different IEI centers in Germany.MethodsWe queried structural aspects of IEI care in Germany, diagnostic procedures in IEI care (including molecular diagnostics), distribution of APDS patients, APDS symptoms and severity, treatment algorithms in APDS, the role of stem cell transplantation and targeted therapies in IEI with focus on APDS. We were especially interested in how genetic diagnostics may influence treatment decisions, e.g. with regard to targeted therapies.Results/discussionMost centers care for both pediatric and adult patients. A total of 28 APDS patients are currently being treated at the centers we surveyed. Patient journeys vary considerably, as does severity of disease. Genetic diagnosis continues to gain importance - whole genome sequencing is likely to become routine in IEI in the next few years. According to the experts interviewed, stem cell transplantation and - with new molecules being approved - targeted therapies, will gain in importance for the treatment of APDS and IEI in general
EXPLORANDO O SOFTWARE GEOGEBRA
O presente trabalho pretende apresentar os resultados obtidos atravĂ©s do estudo do software GeoGebra,com o objetivo de incentivar e facilitar a utilização deste software livre, nas aulas de matemĂĄtica em todos os nĂveis de ensino. Pretende-se ainda apresentar algumas possibilidades de aplicaçÔes de utilização do software nas aulas de matemĂĄtica
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