Avian community responses to the establisment of small garden allotments within a Mediterranean habitat mosaic

Estudios previos de ecología enfocados a los efectos que tienen las alteraciones de los hábitats a pequeña escala han hallado efectos positivos, nulos y negativos sobre la biodiversidad. En este trabajo describimos los efectos que tiene el establecimiento de un pequeño huerto sobre la comunidad de aves. Para ello, analizamos los valores de diversidad (i.e., riqueza de especies y abundancia) y el comportamiento (i.e., forrajeo, uso de perchas) de las comunidades de aves. Los resultados de este trabajo muestran que, aunque el cambio de uso de suelo es reciente y a pequeña escala, las comunidades de aves observadas en el huerto están dominadas por unas pocas especies, mientras que mostraron ser mayormente equitativas en las plantaciones naturalizadas de almendros (hábitat previo al establecimiento de los huertos). Cuando comparamos el comportamiento de las aves en ambos hábitats, encontramos una mayor proporción de aves en búsqueda activa de alimento en los huertos, mientras que el número de aves desarrollando otras actividades (descanso) fue mayor en las plantaciones naturalizadas. Aunque la presencia de nuevos hábitats puede elevar la riqueza regional de la avifauna en paisajes mediterráneos, nuestros resultados no muestran evidencia de un efecto positivo significativo en el aumento de la riqueza regional de aves debido al establecimiento de pequeños huertos. Proponemos que las futuras actividades agrícolas deban tener en cuenta la escala, intensidad y frecuencia de las perturbaciones generadas con la finalidad de lograr un efecto positivo sobre la biodiversidad. Palabras clave: Ecología aviar, Biodiversidad, Comunidades de aves, Transformación del uso del suelo.Estudios previos de ecología enfocados a los efectos que tienen las alteraciones de los hábitats a pequeña escala han hallado efectos positivos, nulos y negativos sobre la biodiversidad. En este trabajo describimos los efectos que tiene el establecimiento de un pequeño huerto sobre la comunidad de aves. Para ello, analizamos los valores de diversidad (i.e., riqueza de especies y abundancia) y el comportamiento (i.e., forrajeo, uso de perchas) de las comunidades de aves. Los resultados de este trabajo muestran que, aunque el cambio de uso de suelo es reciente y a pequeña escala, las comunidades de aves observadas en el huerto están dominadas por unas pocas especies, mientras que mostraron ser mayormente equitativas en las plantaciones naturalizadas de almendros (hábitat previo al establecimiento de los huertos). Cuando comparamos el comportamiento de las aves en ambos hábitats, encontramos una mayor proporción de aves en búsqueda activa de alimento en los huertos, mientras que el número de aves desarrollando otras actividades (descanso) fue mayor en las plantaciones naturalizadas. Aunque la presencia de nuevos hábitats puede elevar la riqueza regional de la avifauna en paisajes mediterráneos, nuestros resultados no muestran evidencia de un efecto positivo significativo en el aumento de la riqueza regional de aves debido al establecimiento de pequeños huertos. Proponemos que las futuras actividades agrícolas deban tener en cuenta la escala, intensidad y frecuencia de las perturbaciones generadas con la finalidad de lograr un efecto positivo sobre la biodiversidad. Palabras clave: Ecología aviar, Biodiversidad, Comunidades de aves, Transformación del uso del suelo.Ecological studies focused on small–scale habitat alterations have found positive, null, and negative effects on biodiversity. In this study, we describe the effects that establishing a relatively small area of garden allotments had on bird communities. To assess such effects, we analyzed avian community diversity (i.e., species richness and abundance) and behavioral traits (i.e., foraging, perching). Although land transformation was recent and on a small geographic–scale, our results showed that bird communities in the allotments were dominated by a few species, while in the almond plantation (former habitat) evenness was higher. When perching and foraging behavior was compared in the two study areas, we found a significantly higher proportion of foraging in the garden allotments, and a higher proportion of birds perching in the naturalized plantation. Although new habitats often enhance regional bird species richness in Mediterranean landscapes, we found no evidence of an increase in regional avian diversity related to the establishment of small garden allotments. We propose that future harvesting activities should consider the scale, intensity, and frequency of the generated perturbation in order to promote biodiversity. Key words: Avian ecology, Biodiversity, Bird communities, Land–use transformation

Urban Biodiversity and Landscape Ecology: Patterns, Processes and Planning

Effective planning for biodiversity in cities and towns is increasingly important as urban areas and their human populations grow, both to achieve conservation goals and because ecological communities support services on which humans depend. Landscape ecology provides important frameworks for understanding and conserving urban biodiversity both within cities and considering whole cities in their regional context, and has played an important role in the development of a substantial and expanding body of knowledge about urban landscapes and communities. Characteristics of the whole city including size, overall amount of green space, age and regional context are important considerations for understanding and planning for biotic assemblages at the scale of entire cities, but have received relatively little research attention. Studies of biodiversity within cities are more abundant and show that longstanding principles regarding how patch size, configuration and composition influence biodiversity apply to urban areas as they do in other habitats. However, the fine spatial scales at which urban areas are fragmented and the altered temporal dynamics compared to non-urban areas indicate a need to apply hierarchical multi-scalar landscape ecology models to urban environments. Transferring results from landscape-scale urban biodiversity research into planning remains challenging, not least because of the requirements for urban green space to provide multiple functions. An increasing array of tools is available to meet this challenge and increasingly requires ecologists to work with planners to address biodiversity challenges. Biodiversity conservation and enhancement is just one strand in urban planning, but is increasingly important in a rapidly urbanising world

A global horizon scan of the future impacts of robotics and autonomous systems on urban ecosystems

Technology is transforming societies worldwide. A major innovation is the emergence of robotics and autonomous systems (RAS), which have the potential to revolutionize cities for both people and nature. Nonetheless, the opportunities and challenges associated with RAS for urban ecosystems have yet to be considered systematically. Here, we report the findings of an online horizon scan involving 170 expert participants from 35 countries. We conclude that RAS are likely to transform land use, transport systems and human–nature interactions. The prioritized opportunities were primarily centred on the deployment of RAS for the monitoring and management of biodiversity and ecosystems. Fewer challenges were prioritized. Those that were emphasized concerns surrounding waste from unrecovered RAS, and the quality and interpretation of RAS-collected data. Although the future impacts of RAS for urban ecosystems are difficult to predict, examining potentially important developments early is essential if we are to avoid detrimental consequences but fully realize the benefits

Relation between habitat attributes and bird richness in a western Mexico suburb

As an area becomes urbanized, the replacement of original habitats with human-made structures can reduce biodiversity. Urban ecology studies demonstrate that bird species richness is negatively related to increased urbanization. Nevertheless, our understanding of the processes that determine how bird communities respond to urbanization is still rudimentary. In particular, there is lack of studies investigating the dynamics of urban bird communities in tropical areas. I explored the effects of human-influenced attributes on bird richness at eight plots within a suburb in tropical Guadalajara, Mexico. Results of this study suggest that tree foliar cover and maximum tree height are predictors of bird species richness at this site. Additionally, tree foliar cover was related to which trophic guilds dominated the avian community. In order to assist in the maintenance and promotion of native bird species within tropical urbanized areas, I suggest three urban planning and management activities: (1) the evaluation of fast growing, tall, wide-ranging foliar cover tree species native to the study area, (2) the increase of green area extension with the selected tree species along the urbanized area, and (3) the use of urban ecology research recommendations into managing and developmental plans. © 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved

Reinforced-SLAM for path planing and mapping in dynamic environments

As an area becomes urbanized, the replacement of original habitats with human-made structures can reduce biodiversity. Urban ecology studies demonstrate that bird species richness is negatively related to increased urbanization. Nevertheless, our understanding of the processes that determine how bird communities respond to urbanization is still rudimentary. In particular, there is lack of studies investigating the dynamics of urban bird communities in tropical areas. I explored the effects of human-influenced attributes on bird richness at eight plots within a suburb in tropical Guadalajara, Mexico. Results of this study suggest that tree foliar cover and maximum tree height are predictors of bird species richness at this site. Additionally, tree foliar cover was related to which trophic guilds dominated the avian community. In order to assist in the maintenance and promotion of native bird species within tropical urbanized areas, I suggest three urban planning and management activities: (1) the evaluation of fast growing, tall, wide-ranging foliar cover tree species native to the study area, (2) the increase of green area extension with the selected tree species along the urbanized area, and (3) the use of urban ecology research recommendations into managing and developmental plans. " 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.",,,,,,"10.1016/j.landurbplan.2007.06.010",,,"http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12104/44163","http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-37149046602&partnerID=40&md5=c62b26af7396eaea766c5d057600f22f",,,,,,"1",,"Landscape and Urban Planning",,"9

Urban ecosystem Services in Latin America: mismatch between global concepts and regional realities?

Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) is one of the most urbanized and biologically diverse regions in the world but is often characterized by weak environmental governance and socioeconomic inequalities. Given large expanses of intact biomes, a long history of pre-Colombian civilizations, and recent urbanization trends, the urban ecosystem services (UES) concept has the potential to address issues of well-being for its citizens. We review relevant regional and global literature and use expert-based knowledge to identify the state of the art of the UES concept as applicable to green spaces in LAC and elucidate three overarching guidelines for management and future research needs: 1. LAC cities can be socio-ecologically unique; 2. Drivers of UES in LAC can be different than in other regions; and 3. Context and demand need to be accounted for when valuing UES. Overall, we show that research on UES is mostly from the global north and rarely accounts for the diverse and complex socio-political and ecological drivers of LAC’s urbanization processes. We find that, as in other regions, the biophysical context and land use policies play a major role on UES provision. However, socioeconomic inequalities and weak governance are key drivers in UES supply and demand in LAC. Context-specific information on how to promote, educate, and apply UES is particularly important, not only in LAC, but in other regions where inequities, rapid urbanization, and climate change effects are stressing socio-political and ecological systems and their adaptive capacities. Standardized approaches from developed countries should be used to complement - not substitute – LAC context specific approaches for studying and applying UES. We suggest that improved research funding and local governance can also provide critical strategies, information and the means for more effective management, planning, and equitable provision of UES. © 2018, Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature

Urban ecosystem Services in Latin America: mismatch between global concepts and regional realities?

Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) is one of the most urbanized and biologically diverse regions in the world but is often characterized by weak environmental governance and socioeconomic inequalities. Given large expanses of intact biomes, a long history of pre-Colombian civilizations, and recent urbanization trends, the urban ecosystem services (UES) concept has the potential to address issues of well-being for its citizens. We review relevant regional and global literature and use expert-based knowledge to identify the state of the art of the UES concept as applicable to green spaces in LAC and elucidate three overarching guidelines for management and future research needs: 1. LAC cities can be socio-ecologically unique; 2. Drivers of UES in LAC can be different than in other regions; and 3. Context and demand need to be accounted for when valuing UES. Overall, we show that research on UES is mostly from the global north and rarely accounts for the diverse and complex socio-political and ecological drivers of LAC’s urbanization processes. We find that, as in other regions, the biophysical context and land use policies play a major role on UES provision. However, socioeconomic inequalities and weak governance are key drivers in UES supply and demand in LAC. Context-specific information on how to promote, educate, and apply UES is particularly important, not only in LAC, but in other regions where inequities, rapid urbanization, and climate change effects are stressing socio-political and ecological systems and their adaptive capacities. Standardized approaches from developed countries should be used to complement - not substitute – LAC context specific approaches for studying and applying UES. We suggest that improved research funding and local governance can also provide critical strategies, information and the means for more effective management, planning, and equitable provision of UES. © 2018, Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature

The phylogenetic and functional diversity of regional breeding bird assemblages is reduced and constricted through urbanization

Aim: Urbanization broadly affects the phylogenetic and functional diversity of natural communities through a variety of processes including habitat loss and the introduction of non‐native species. Due to the challenge of acquiring direct measurements, these effects have been studied primarily using “space‐for‐time” substitution where spatial urbanization gradients are used to infer the consequences of urbanization occurring across time. The ability of alternative sampling designs to replicate the findings derived using space‐for‐time substitution has not been tested. Location: Global. Methods: We contrasted the phylogenetic and functional diversity of breeding bird assemblages in 58 cities worldwide with the corresponding regional breeding bird assemblages estimated using geographic range maps. Results: Compared to regional assemblages, urban assemblages contained lower phylogenetic diversity, lower phylogenetic beta diversity, a reduction in the least evolutionary distinct species and the loss of the most evolutionarily distinct species. We found no evidence that these effects were related to the presence of non‐native species. Urban assemblages contained fewer aquatic species and fewer aquatic foraging species. The distribution of body size and range size narrowed for urban assemblages with the loss of species at both tails of the distribution, especially large bodied and broadly distributed species. Urban assemblages contained a greater proportion of species classified as passerines, doves or pigeons; species identified as granivores; species that forage within vegetation or in the air; and species with more generalized associations with foraging strata. Main conclusions: Urbanization is associated with the overall reduction and constriction of phylogenetic and functional diversity, results that largely replicate those generated using space‐for‐time substitution, increasing our confidence in the quality of the combined inferences. When direct measurements are unavailable, our findings emphasize the value of developing independent sampling methods that broaden and reinforce our understanding of the ecological implications of urbanization