Didática e Currículo: questionando fronteiras

The article focuses on the differences and similarities between the disciplines of Didactics and Curriculum. It attempts to discuss what has been conceived as a discipline. It reviews studies that have examined the issue. It identifies the main themes that are being analyzed nowadays in the two fields, arguing that the limits between them are discursive constructions. It finishes by proposing a program of interference based on the dialogue between the two communities.O texto aborda as diferenças e semelhanças entre as disciplinas Didática e Currículo. Procura discutir o que vem sendo entendido como disciplina. Revê estudos que exploraram a questão em pauta. Identifica os principais temas que vêm hoje sendo abordados nos dois campos, argumentando que os limites entre eles são construções discursivas. Propõe, ao final, um programa de interferência pautado pela interlocução entre as duas comunidades

Os parâmetros curriculares nacionais em questão

The study discusses the definition of national curricular parameters to the elementary school. It challenges the conception and the elaboration process of these parameters and attempts to identify the multiculturalism approach which informs the proposal. It argues that the experiences of oppressed groups have to be valued and considered during the process of organizing schooling.O trabalho discute a definição de Parâmetros Curriculares Nacionais (PCN) para o ensino fundamental. Problematiza a concepção e a elaboração desses Parâmetros, procurando, também, identificar o enfoque de multiculturalismo que informa a proposta. Defende que se valorizem e se considerem, na organização do processo de escolarização, as expressões e as vivências de grupos oprimidos

Os princípios norteadores de políticas e decisões curriculares

Resumo: Defendo o ponto de vista de que é viável, hoje, no Brasil, a definição de uma política curricular nacional, centrada em princípios que norteiem também as políticas em nível estadual ou municipal, assim como os planos curriculares das instituições escolares. Proponho que a definição final do currículo se verifique na escola, de modo a configurar uma qualidade negociada via currículo. Focalizo os princípios orientadores de uma política curricular de nível nacional. Sugiro dois princípios básicos: revalorizar o conhecimento escolar e atribuir importância aos fenômenos culturais mais amplos

Impact of a radiological protection campaign in emergency paediatric radiology: a multicentric observational study in Brazil

Purpose: To evaluate the impact of a paediatric radiological protection campaign, implemented in the emergency units of a healthcare provider network in Brazil. This campaign aimed to promote awareness among emergency department physicians, regarding justifcation of paediatric X-ray referrals for paranasal sinus, chest and CT exams, as a strategy to reduce exposure to ionising radiation. Method: Frequency analysis of common paediatric imaging referrals from 19 emergency departments was performed for a 3-year period (2015–2018) to coincide with before, during and after the implementation of the radiation protection campaign. The campaign was multifaceted and involved dissemination of educational materials and imaging referral guidelines along with quarterly meetings with participating centres’ leaderships. Additionally, patient dose cards were distributed to patients/carers. The Chi-Square test was used to examine the association between the type of examination and the patient’s age group. Exact-Fisher test was performed to check for an association between participant engagement and the existence of the radiation protection committee. Results: Referrals reduced by 25% following the campaign with no reports of misdiagnosis. Many referrals in the youngest age groups. In 15 units, a radiological protection committee was created to raise awareness and to create a multi professional team to communicate the risks and benefits of radiological procedure in children. Conclusion: The campaign resulted in a substantial reduction in radiological referrals while promoting a radiation protection culture. Simple education initiatives can contribute to savings in both finances and radiation doses, particularly important in radiosensitive cohorts.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Desempenho operacional da colheita mecanizada e seletiva do café em função da força de desprendimento dos frutos

In mechanized harvesting, one of the difficulties encountered by farmers is to determine the appropriate time to start harvesting, as well as vibration and determine the most appropriate operating speed for each cultivar during the harvest period. In general, the regulation of vibration and operating speed of the harvester has been made by producers in an empirical way, by trial, seeking greater operational performance. This study aimed to evaluate the efficiency of mechanical harvesting of eight progenies according to the traction force required for detachment of the fruit. The tests were conducted with three replications using a completely randomized design (CRD) within the same plot in random plots containing five plants. We tried to raise the strength of detachment from coffee fruits on the plant, according to the ripening of fruits, and graded to determine the strength, the green fruits and cherries. We also evaluated the efficiency of the harvest in the progenies analyzed over two years of harvest. It was concluded that there are significant differences between progenies in both the force of detachment as tothe efficiency of picking and that picking efficiency is directly related to the force of detachment of mature fruits on the plant.Na colheita mecanizada, uma das dificuldades encontradas pelos cafeicultores é determinar o momento adequado de iniciar-se a colheita, bem como determinar a vibração e a velocidade operacional mais adequada para cada cultivar ao longo do período de colheita. De modo geral, a regulagem da vibração e da velocidade operacional das colhedoras tem sido feita pelos produtores de modo empírico, por tentativas, buscando o maior desempenho operacional. Objetivou-se, neste trabalho, avaliara eficiência de colheita mecanizada em oito progênies de acordo com a força de tração necessária para o desprendimento dos frutos. Os ensaios foram realizados com três repetições, utilizando-se o delineamento inteiramente casualizado (DIC) dentro de uma mesma gleba, em parcelas aleatórias ,contendo cinco plantas. Buscou-se levantar a força de desprendimento dos frutos de café na planta, de acordo com a maturação dos frutos, sendo classificados, para a determinação da força, os frutos verdes e cerejas. Também foi avaliada a eficiência de colheita nas progênies analisadas em dois anos de safra. Concluiu-se que há diferença significativa entre as progênies avaliadas tanto na força de desprendimento como na eficiência de colheita e que a eficiência de colheita está relacionada diretamente com a força de desprendimento dos frutos maduros na planta

METÁSTASE ÓSSEA E PULMONAR DE ADENOCARCINOMA ESCAMOSO MAMÁRIO EM CADELA

Mammary tumors are the most common in bitches, and bone and pulmonary metastases are not well described. Adenosquamous mammary carcinoma is a rare tumor that can be classified as a type of metaplastic tumor.  This report describes the clinical and histopathological findings of this atypical presentation of mammary carcinoma in an 11-year-old, spayed, Poodle. Surgery was performed to remove malignant mammary nodules with a provisional diagnosis of carcinoma on cytologic examination. Thirteen months later, the dog returned showing left pelvic limb lameness that had persisted for 6 months prior to the consultation. The patient showed right pelvic limb lameness and a mass in the same limb. Radiographs of the affected limb revealed a pathological fracture in the femoral diaphysis and proliferation of the periosteum. After clinical staging, a left pelvic limb amputation was performed. A diagnosis of grade II adenosquamous mammary carcinoma was made through histopathology and immunohistochemistry. Although uncommon, bone and pulmonary metastases from mammary tumors, such as adenosquamous carcinoma, can be considered differential diagnoses for bony tumors. This report highlights the aggressive nature and significant metastatic potential of the adenosquamous carcinoma.Os tumores mamários são os mais comuns em cadelas e as metástases ósseas e pulmonares não são bem descritas. O carcinoma mamário adenoescamoso é um tumor raro que pode ser classificado como um tipo de tumor metaplásico. Este relato descreve os achados clínicos e histopatológicos dessa apresentação atípica de carcinoma mamário em um Poodle de 11 anos de idade, castrado. A cirurgia foi realizada para remover nódulos mamários malignos com diagnóstico provisório de carcinoma no exame citológico. Treze meses depois, a cadela retornou apresentando claudicação do membro pélvico esquerdo que persistia por seis meses antes da consulta. O paciente apresentava claudicação do membro pélvico direito e uma massa no mesmo membro. A radiografia do membro afetado revelou fratura patológica na diáfise femoral, proliferação do periósteo e áreas de osteopenia. Após estadiamento clínico, foi realizada amputação do membro pélvico esquerdo. O diagnóstico de carcinoma adenoescamoso mamário grau II foi feito através da histopatologia e imunohistoquímica. Embora incomuns, as metástases ósseas e pulmonares de tumores mamários, como o carcinoma adenoescamoso, podem ser consideradas diagnósticos diferenciais para tumores ósseos. Este relatório destaca a natureza agressiva e significativo potencial metastático do carcinoma adenoescamoso

Amebiasis in a Backyard Red-Foot Tortoise (Chelonoidis carbonaria)

Background: Amebiasis is a parasitic infection caused by obligate or facultative amoeboid protozoans, as well as free-living forms. The genus Entamoeba includes both pathogenic and commensal species that can affect humans and animals. Entamoeba histolytica is the most important species associated with intestinal and extraintestinal infections in humans, while Entamoeba invadens is considered the most common and serious pathogen to many reptile species, including lizards, snakes and crocodilians. The aim of this manuscript is to report a case of amebiasis in a backyard red-foot tortoise in northeastern Brazil.Case: A 10-month-old male red-foot tortoise (Chelonoidis carbonaria) was presented at the Animal Pathology Laboratory of the Veterinary Hospital of Federal University of Campina Grande for necropsy with a 1-week history of anorexia, apathy, and reluctance to move. According to the owner, the animal suffered from heat stress in the backyard, where it was housed with another male red-foot tortoise. At post-mortem examination, there were approximately 1 mL of yellowish viscous transudate in the coelomic cavity. The liver was large, with rounded edges and multifocal to coalescing yellowish areas in the subcapsular surface. When cut, the parenchyma was more friable and yellowish. At the opening of the small intestine, the mucosa was thickened, reddened, and contained many variably sized, dark red ulcers with depressed and hemorrhagic centers. Histopathology of the liver reveals diffuse macro and microvacuolar degeneration of the hepatocyte cytoplasm, often displacing the nucleus peripherally (fatty degeneration). There were extensive and multifocal areas of necrosis characterized by shrunken, hypereosinophilic and pyknotic hepatocytes. Amebic trophozoites were seen through the areas of necrosis and degeneration and the morphological features were suggestive of the genus Entamoeba. In the portal triads and slightly extending to the sinusoidal spaces, there is a moderate inflammatory infiltrate of macrophages, lymphocytes, plasma cells and rare heterophils. There were amebic trophozoites and thrombi in hepatic vessels, and mild intracanalicular cholestasis. The small intestine contained areas of transmural necrosis and ulceration associated with inflammatory infiltrate of macrophages, lymphocytes and plasma cells. The ulcers were covered by a thick fibrinonecrotic exudate mixed with a varying number of heterophils and macrophages. The submucosa contained hemorrhage and edema. Similar amebic trophozoites were found within the mucosa and submucosa, and also detected in the lumens of blood vessels at the submucosa. The amebic trophozoites, seen in the liver and intestine, were intensely Periodic acid–Schiff positive.Discussion: The diagnosis of amebiasis was based on the epidemiological, clinical and anatomopathological findings. Amebiasis is a well-recognized disease that usually is diagnosed post-mortem in numerous species of reptiles. Unfortunately, there are no scientific articles describing these cases in Brazil. In reptiles, the major pathogenic specie is Entamoeba invadens, while several other species are considered non-pathogenic, such as E. barreti, E. insolita, E. terrapinae, E. ctenosaurae, and E. knowlesi, among others. Although cultivation of E. invadens was not undertaken, the anatomopathological findings and the morphological appearance of the agent is highly suggestive of infection with this organism. In conclusion, amebiasis is a severe infectious disease that can affect young red-footed tortoises under adverse environmental conditions. Clinical signs are nonspecific and may be difficult to identify. The diagnosis is usually made post-mortem by anatomopathological findings and the morphological appearance of the agent

Sleep pattern and learning in knockdown mice with reduced cholinergic neurotransmission

Impaired cholinergic neurotransmission can affect memory formation and influence sleep-wake cycles (SWC). In the present study, we describe the SWC in mice with a deficient vesicular acetylcholine transporter (VAChT) system, previously characterized as presenting reduced acetylcholine release and cognitive and behavioral dysfunctions. Continuous, chronic ECoG and EMG recordings were used to evaluate the SWC pattern during light and dark phases in VAChT knockdown heterozygous (VAChT-KDHET, n=7) and wild-type (WT, n=7) mice. SWC were evaluated for sleep efficiency, total amount and mean duration of slow-wave, intermediate and paradoxical sleep, as well as the number of awakenings from sleep. After recording SWC, contextual fear-conditioning tests were used as an acetylcholine-dependent learning paradigm. The results showed that sleep efficiency in VAChT-KDHET animals was similar to that of WT mice, but that the SWC was more fragmented. Fragmentation was characterized by an increase in the number of awakenings, mainly during intermediate sleep. VAChT-KDHET animals performed poorly in the contextual fear-conditioning paradigm (mean freezing time: 34.4±3.1 and 44.5±3.3 s for WT and VAChT-KDHET animals, respectively), which was followed by a 45% reduction in the number of paradoxical sleep episodes after the training session. Taken together, the results show that reduced cholinergic transmission led to sleep fragmentation and learning impairment. We discuss the results on the basis of cholinergic plasticity and its relevance to sleep homeostasis. We suggest that VAChT-KDHET mice could be a useful model to test cholinergic drugs used to treat sleep dysfunction in neurodegenerative disorders.Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP) Departamento de FisiologiaUniversidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP) Departamento de PsicobiologiaUniversidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte Instituto do CerebroUniversidade Federal do ABC Computacao e Cognicao Centro de MatematicaUniversidade Federal de Minas Gerais Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofisica Nucleo de NeurocienciasUniversity of Western Ontario Department of Physiology and Pharmacology and Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology Robarts Research InstituteUNIFESP, Depto. de FisiologiaUNIFESP, Depto. de PsicobiologiaSciEL

Hepatic encephalopathy secondary to poisoning by Tephrosia cinerea in sheep

In the semiarid region of northeastern Brazil, Tephrosia cinerea causes periacinar hepatic fibrosis in sheep with severe ascites and, occasionally, nervous signs. Sixteen sheep from six outbreaks of T. cinerea poisoning were studied. All sheep had histologic lesion of periacinar fibrosis and six showed, in the brain, vacuolization (spongy degeneration) of the white matter and junction between grey and white matter and presence of Alzheimer type II astrocytes in the grey matter. The disease was produced experimentally in two sheep, that presented porto-sistemic shunts and similar histologic lesions as those observed in the spontaneous cases. Immunohistochemistry revealed weak labelling with anti-GFAP antibodies suggesting a degenerative alteration of astrocytes with accumulation of dense bodies and reduction of the GFAP. There was strong labelling with anti-S100 antibodies suggesting cellular reactivity with proliferation of mitochondria and endoplasmatic reticulum. Such alterations are characteristic of the effects caused by ammonia on the astrocytes. It is concluded that in poisoning by T. cinerea nervous signs due to hepatic encephalopathy occur in some sheep

Lifelong exposure to a low-dose of the glyphosate-based herbicide RoundUp® causes intestinal damage, gut dysbiosis, and behavioral changes in mice

RoundUp® (RUp) is a comercial formulation containing glyphosate (N-(phosphono-methyl) glycine), and is the world’s leading wide-spectrum herbicide used in agriculture. Supporters of the broad use of glyphosate-based herbicides (GBH) claim they are innocuous to humans, since the active compound acts on the inhibition of enzymes which are absent in human cells. However, the neurotoxic effects of GBH have already been shown in many animal models. Further, these formulations were shown to disrupt the microbiome of different species. Here, we investigated the effects of a lifelong exposure to low doses of the GBH-RUp on the gut environment, including morphological and microbiome changes. We also aimed to determine whether exposure to GBH-RUp could harm the developing brain and lead to behavioral changes in adult mice. To this end, animals were exposed to GBH-RUp in drinking water from pregnancy to adulthood. GBH-RUp-exposed mice had no changes in cognitive function, but developed impaired social behavior and increased repetitive behavior. GBH-Rup-exposed mice also showed an activation of phagocytic cells (Iba-1–positive) in the cortical brain tissue. GBH-RUp exposure caused increased mucus production and the infiltration of plama cells (CD138-positive), with a reduction in phagocytic cells. Long-term exposure to GBH-RUp also induced changes in intestinal integrity, as demonstrated by the altered expression of tight junction effector proteins (ZO-1 and ZO-2) and a change in the distribution of syndecan-1 proteoglycan. The herbicide also led to changes in the gut microbiome composition, which is also crucial for the establishment of the intestinal barrier. Altogether, our findings suggest that long-term GBH-RUp exposure leads to morphological and functional changes in the gut, which correlate with behavioral changes that are similar to those observed in patients with neurodevelopmental disorders