2,729 research outputs found
Sexually dimorphic role for vasopressin in the development of social play
Despite the well-established role of vasopressin (AVP) in adult social behavior, its role in social development is relatively unexplored. In this paper, we focus on the most prominent social behavior of juvenile rats, social play. Previous pharmacological experiments in our laboratory suggested that AVP regulates play in a sex- and brain region-specific manner in juvenile rats. Here we investigate the role of specific AVP systems in the emergence of social play. We first characterize the development of play in male and female Wistar rats and then ask whether the development of AVP mRNA expression correlates with the emergence of play. Unexpectedly, play emerged more rapidly in weanling-aged females than in males, resulting in a sex difference opposite of that typically reported for older, juvenile rats. AVP mRNA and play were correlated in males only, with a negative correlation in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis and a positive correlation in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus. These findings support the hypothesis that AVP acts differentially on multiple systems in a sex-specific manner to regulate social play and suggest a role for PVN and BNST AVP systems in the development of play. Differential neuropeptide regulation of male and female social development may underlie well-documented sex differences in incidence, progression, and symptom severity of behavioral disorders during development
Epidemiology and reporting characteristics of preclinical systematic reviews
In an effort to better utilize published evidence obtained from animal experiments, systematic reviews of preclinical studies are increasingly more common-along with the methods and tools to appraise them (e.g., SYstematic Review Center for Laboratory animal Experimentation [SYRCLE's] risk of bias tool). We performed a cross-sectional study of a sample of recent preclinical systematic reviews (2015-2018) and examined a range of epidemiological characteristics and used a 46-item checklist to assess reporting details. We identified 442 reviews published across 43 countries in 23 different disease domains that used 26 animal species. Reporting of key details to ensure transparency and reproducibility was inconsistent across reviews and within article sections. Items were most completely reported in the title, introduction, and results sections of the reviews, while least reported in the methods and discussion sections. Less than half of reviews reported that a risk of bias assessment for internal and external validity was undertaken, and none reported methods for evaluating construct validity. Our results demonstrate that a considerable number of preclinical systematic reviews investigating diverse topics have been conducted; however, their quality of reporting is inconsistent. Our study provides the justification and evidence to inform the development of guidelines for conducting and reporting preclinical systematic reviews
MRI based preterm white matter injury classification: the importance of sequential imaging in determining severity of injury
The evolution of non-hemorrhagic white matter injury (WMI) based on sequential magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has not been well studied. Our aim was to describe sequential MRI findings in preterm infants with non-hemorrhagic WMI and to develop an MRI classification system for preterm WMI based on these findings.Eighty-two preterm infants (gestation β€35 weeks) were retrospectively included. WMI was diagnosed and classified based on sequential cranial ultrasound (cUS) and confirmed on MRI.138 MRIs were obtained at three time-points: early (<2 weeks; n = 32), mid (2-6 weeks; n = 30) and term equivalent age (TEA; n = 76). 63 infants (77%) had 2 MRIs during the neonatal period. WMI was non-cystic in 35 and cystic in 47 infants. In infants with cystic-WMI early MRI showed extensive restricted diffusion abnormalities, cysts were already present in 3 infants; mid MRI showed focal or extensive cysts, without acute diffusion changes. A significant reduction in the size and/or extent of the cysts was observed in 32% of the infants between early/mid and TEA MRI. In 4/9 infants previously seen focal cysts were no longer identified at TEA. All infants with cystic WMI showed β₯2 additional findings at TEA: significant reduction in WM volume, mild-moderate irregular ventriculomegaly, several areas of increased signal intensity on T1-weighted-images, abnormal myelination of the PLIC, small thalami.In infants with extensive WM cysts at 2-6 weeks, cysts may be reduced in number or may even no longer be seen at TEA. A single MRI at TEA, without taking sequential cUS data and pre-TEA MRI findings into account, may underestimate the extent of WMI; based on these results we propose a new MRI classification for preterm non-hemorrhagic WMI
ΠΡΠΎΠ±Π»ΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΡΡ ΡΠΌΡΠ½ΠΎ-Π³ΠΎΡΠΌΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ° ΠΌΡΠΊΡΠΎΠ±ΡΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡ Ρ ΠΆΡΠ½ΠΎΠΊ Π· ΡΡΠ·Π½ΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΡΡΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠΏΡΠ² Π΅Π½Π΄ΠΎΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΡΡ
ΠΠ±ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΎ 58 ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΠ½ Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠΏΠ°ΠΌΠΈ ΡΠ½Π΄ΠΎΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡ. ΠΡΡΠ²Π»Π΅Π½Ρ ΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ
ΠΏΠ΅ΠΉΠ·Π°ΠΆΠ°, Π³ΠΎΡΠΌΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈ ΠΈΠΌΠΌΡΠ½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠ° Π² Π·Π°Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΎΡ ΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΡΠΎΡΠΌ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠΏΠΎΠ² ΡΠ½Π΄ΠΎΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡ.
ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠΉ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ· ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠ» Π²ΡΠ΄Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΡ Π³ΡΡΠΏΠΏΡ ΡΠΈΡΠΊΠ° ΠΏΠΎ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠΏΠΎΠ² ΡΠ½Π΄ΠΎΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡ. ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½ΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎ
ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠΏ ΡΠ½Π΄ΠΎΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡ ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΠ΅Ρ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡ Π½Π΅ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡ, Π° ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΡΠ΅Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΡ ΡΠ½Π΄ΠΎΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡ Π² ΠΎΡΠ²Π΅Ρ Π½Π°
ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π³ΠΎΡΠΌΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈ ΠΈΠΌΠΌΡΠ½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π³ΠΎΠΌΠ΅ΠΎΡΡΠ°Π·Π°, ΡΡΠΎ Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΠΎ ΡΡΠΈΡΡΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΈ Π²ΡΠ±ΠΎΡΠ΅ Π»Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ
Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠΈ58 women with endometrial polyps were investigated. Specific microflora and hormonal and immune status
depending on the morphological forms of endometrial polyps were found. The analysis performed allowed to
allocate risk groups according to development of endometrial polyp. It was shown that endometrial polyp shall be
considered as endometrial reaction in response to hormonal and immune homeostasis disorder, rather than local
process. This should be borne in mind when choosing treatment for this patholog
Tackling climate change with blockchain
Concern about the carbon footprint of Bitcoin is not holding back blockchain developers from leveraging the technology for action on climate change. Although blockchain technology is enabling individuals and businesses to manage their carbon emissions, the social and environmental costs and benefits of doing so remain unclear
Standardization as emerging content in technology education at all levels of education
Integration of standardization into different levels of technology education has surfaced as a critical issue for educational practitioners and policy makers at national and regional (APEC, EU) level. In this paper, we describe and analyze empirical data collected from 118 educational experiences and practices about technology standards and standardization in 21 countries of a regional variety. Specifically, this research examines standardization education programs these countries have implemented, and explores suggestive indications for the design and development of an educational policy for standardization. Online surveys, offline interviews, face-to-face meetings and case studies have been used to determine the way these standardization education programs are segmented and implemented in different contexts.
The findings are consolidated into a framework for standardization education. The framework presents an applicable combination of target groups (who), appropriate learning objectives (why), probable program operators (where), prospective contents modules (what), and preferred teaching methods (how). This framework may contribute to planning and implementing more inclusive standardization education programs
Including all voices in international data-sharing governance
Background
Governments, funding bodies, institutions, and publishers have developed a number of strategies to encourage researchers to facilitate access to datasets. The rationale behind this approach is that this will bring a number of benefits and enable advances in healthcare and medicine by allowing the maximum returns from the investment in research, as well as reducing waste and promoting transparency. As this approach gains momentum, these data-sharing practices have implications for many kinds of research as they become standard practice across the world.
Main text
The governance frameworks that have been developed to support biomedical research are not well equipped to deal with the complexities of international data sharing. This system is nationally based and is dependent upon expert committees for oversight and compliance, which has often led to piece-meal decisionmaking. This system tends to perpetuate inequalities by obscuring the contributions and the important role of different data providers along the data stream, whether they be low- or middle-income country researchers, patients, research participants, groups, or communities. As research and data-sharing activities are largely publicly funded, there is a strong moral argument for including the people who provide the data in decision-making and to develop governance systems for their continued participation.
Conclusions
We recommend that governance of science becomes more transparent, representative, and responsive to the voices of many constituencies by conducting public consultations about data-sharing addressing issues of access and use; including all data providers in decision-making about the use and sharing of data along the whole of the data stream; and using digital technologies to encourage accessibility, transparency, and accountability. We anticipate that this approach could enhance the legitimacy of the research process, generate insights that may otherwise be overlooked or ignored, and help to bring valuable perspectives into the decision-making around international data sharing.</p
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