53 research outputs found
Cross-Sector Review of Drivers and Available 3Rs Approaches for Acute Systemic Toxicity Testing
Acute systemic toxicity studies are carried out in many sectors in which synthetic chemicals are manufactured or used and are among the most criticized of all toxicology tests on both scientific and ethical grounds. A review of the drivers for acute toxicity testing within the pharmaceutical industry led to a paradigm shift whereby in vivo acute toxicity data are no longer routinely required in advance of human clinical trials. Based on this experience, the following review was undertaken to identify (1) regulatory and scientific drivers for acute toxicity testing in other industrial sectors, (2) activities aimed at replacing, reducing, or refining the use of animals, and (3) recommendations for future work in this area
International study on energy end-use data among industrial SMEs (small and medium-sized enterprises) and energy end-use efficiency improvement opportunities
The durability of economic indicators in container shipping demand: a case study of East AsiaāUS container transport
Japan 2050 Low Carbon Navigator: Possible application for assessing climate policy impacts
Resource security: a new motivation for free trade agreements in the Asia-Pacific region
Curiosity, economic and environmental reasoning: Public perceptions of liberalization and renewable energy transition in Japan
The aftermath of the Fukushima nuclear accident: Measures to contain groundwater contamination
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