Predicting the cost of the consequences of a large nuclear accident in the UK

Nuclear accidents have the potential to lead to significant off-site effects that require actions to minimise the radiological impacts on people. Such countermeasures may include sheltering, evacuation, restrictions on the sale of locally-grown food, and long-term relocation of the population amongst others. Countries with nuclear facilities draw up emergency preparedness plans, and put in place such provisions as distributing instructions and iodine prophylaxis to the local population. Their plans are applied in simulated exercises on a regular basis. The costs associated with emergency preparedness and the safety provisions to reduce the likelihood of an accident, and/or mitigate the consequences, are justified on the basis of the health risks and accident costs averted. There is, of course, only limited actual experience to indicate the likely costs so that much of the costing of accidents is based on calculations. This paper reviews the methodologies used, in particular the approach that has been developed in the UK, to appraise the costs of a hypothetical nuclear accident. Results of analysing a hypothetical nuclear accident at a fictitious reactor site within the United Kingdom are discussed in relation to the accidents at Three Mile Island 2, Chernobyl and Fukushima Dai-ichi

Corporate Social Responsibility/Sustainability Reporting Among the Fortune Global 250: Greenwashing or Green Supply Chain?

The sustainability reporting efforts of MNCs who are members of the Fortune Global 250 (FG250) was investigated. The focus was on sustainability reporting by MNCs of supply chain impacts. The reporting of FG250 MNCs was examined to determine if greenwashing was occurring or whether MNCs had committed to operating a green supply chain. A mixed methodology was used consisting of quantitative analysis of twenty-five MNC CSR/sustainability reports which were randomly selected from the FG250 listing. Qualitative analysis using content analysis was also conducted on the reports. Both methodologies concentrated on the sustainability reporting of the selected MNCs in regard to their supply chain. Findings were mixed as there were great variations among the MNCs in their level of sustainability reporting about their supply chains. Some MNCs did not report on the activities of their supply chain at all (20%), the majority of the MNCs reported on their supply chain impacts at the value and goal level (48%), while the rest reported at the management approach level (32%). A majority of the sampled MNCs could be accused of greenwashing due to the lack of detailed quantitative information provided by the MNCs on the environmental impacts of their supply chai

IMECE2002-32758 TURBULENCE-INDUCED FLUID DYNAMIC FORCES ACTING ON CROSS-SHAPED TUBE BUNDLE IN CROSS FLOW

Fumio INADA / CRIEPI 2-11-1, Iwado-kita, Komae-shi, Tokyo 201-8511,Japan Akira YASUO / CRIEPI 2-11-1, Iwado-kita, Komae-shi, Tokyo 201-8511,Japan Ryo Morita / CRIEPI 2-11-1, Iwado-kita, Komae-shi, Tokyo 201-8511,Japan Akihiro Sakashita / TEPCO 1-3 Uchisaiwai-cho, 1-chome Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100-001, Japan Jun Mizutani / TEPCO 1-3 Uchisaiwai-cho, 1-chome Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100-001, Japan ABSTRACT A cross-shaped tube bundle with dense arrangement may be designed for a lower plenum structure in a next generation LWR, though the characteristics of flow-induced vibration of this type of tube bundle remain virtually unknown. In this study, turbulence-induced fluid dynamic forces acting on a cross-shaped tube bundle with a dense arrangement subject to cross flow were measured by water tunnel tests with two types of scale models. One is a small-scale model to measure local fluid dynamic forces and their correlation length in the lift and drag direction. The other is a large-scale model to investigate the effect of the Reynolds number on fluid dynamic forces in the lift, drag and torsional directions. Free oscillation tests with another small-scale model were also conducted to measure vibration amplitude by random excitation force. In conclusion, the following results were obtained. Vortex-induced vibration cannot arise in the cross-shaped tube bundle, since a typical peak corresponding to periodic vortex shedding was not observed in power spectral density for fluid excitation force. Power spectral densities of fluid dynamic forces in the drag, lift and torsional directions have mutually similar properties and they are hardly dependent on the Reynolds number. The experimental results were compiled into dimensionless correlation equations composed of the power spectral density for the local fluid excitation force and its correlation length. They are useful for evaluating the random vibration amplitude. The estimated amplitudes of turbulence-induced vibration by the correlation equation coincide with those of the experimental results obtained by the free-oscillation tests