Ontologia da inferioridade tropical: Buffon e a Leyanda Negra no novo mundo

GT 1 ­ Nuevas Epistemologías en América Latina. “Anais do I Encuentro de Estudios Sociales desde América Latina y el Caribe: cenários linguístico-culturais contemporâneos” - 07, 08 e 09 de novembro de 2013 – UNILA - Coordenação geral: Félix Pablo FriggeriEste texto tem por meta delinear a partir da leitu<ra da obra O Novo Mundo de Antonello Gerbi as linhas gerais do pensamento Naturalista de Buffon que expressou no seu corpus teórico umas das afirmações basilares da nossa leyenda Negra ou do complexo de inferioridade natural legado às regiões Tropicais do Novo Mundo, sobretudo América Latina. Neste corpus teórico doutrinário está contido um conjunto de ideias forjadas no molde científico do naturalismo cuja proposição principal, reside no fatalismo geográfico dos trópicos, onde o clima e solo degeneram os homens. Contendo nesta proposição um fundamento geográfico fatalista que constituem homens que são na sua essência inferiores. Tal conjunto de ideias naturalistas aplicadas aos homens e sociedades do Novo Mundo funda uma concepção ontológica da inferioridade humana do ser tropical.Universidad Federal de Integración Latino Americana (UNILA) ; Universidad Nacional de Córdoba (UNC

The path to emancipation: Angolan women

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Neural and Behavioral Mechanisms of Interval Timing in the Striatum

To guide behavior and learn from its consequences, the brain must represent time over many scales. Yet, the neural signals used to encode time in the seconds to minute range are not known. The striatum is the major input area of the basal ganglia; it plays important roles in learning, motor function and normal timing behavior in the range of seconds to minutes. We investigated how striatal population activity might encode time. To do so, we recorded the electrical activity from striatal neurons in rats performing the serial fixed interval task, a dynamic version of the fixed Interval schedule of reinforcement. The animals performed in conformity with proportional timing, but did not strictly conform to scalar timing predictions, which might reflect a parallel strategy to optimize the adaptation to changes in temporal contingencies and consequently to improve reward rate over the session. Regarding the neural activity, we found that neurons fired at delays spanning tens of seconds and that this pattern of responding reflected the interaction between time and the animals’ ongoing sensorimotor state. Surprisingly, cells rescaled responses in time when intervals changed, indicating that striatal populations encoded relative time. Moreover, time estimates decoded from activity predicted trial-bytrial timing behavior as animals adjusted to new intervals, and disrupting striatal function with local infusion of muscimol led to a decrease in timing performance. Because of practical limitations in testing for sufficiency a biological system, we ran a simple simulation of the task; we have shown that neural responses similar to those we observe are conceptually sufficient to produce temporally adaptive behavior. Furthermore, we attempted to explain temporal processes on the basis of ongoing behavior by decoding temporal estimates from high-speed videos of the animals performing the task; we could not explain the temporal report solely on basis of ongoing behavior. These results suggest that striatal activity forms a scalable population firing rate code for time, providing timing signals that animals use to guide their actions

Fine structure of the age-chromospheric activity relation in solar-type stars I: The Ca II infrared triplet: Absolute flux calibration

Strong spectral lines are useful indicators of stellar chromospheric activity. They are physically linked to the convection efficiency, differential rotation, and angular momentum evolution and are a potential indicator of age. However, for ages > 2 Gyr, the age-activity relationship remains poorly constrained thus hampering its full application. The Ca II infrared triplet (IRT lines) has been poorly studied compared to classical chromospheric indicators. We report in this paper absolute chromospheric fluxes in the three Ca II IRT lines, based on a new calibration tied to up-to-date model atmospheres. We obtain the Ca II IRT absolute fluxes for 113 FGK stars from high signal-to-noise ratio and high-resolution spectra covering an extensive domain of chromospheric activity levels. We perform an absolute continuum flux calibration for the Ca II IRT lines anchored in atmospheric models calculated as an explicit function of effective temperatures, metallicity, and gravities avoiding the degeneracy present in photometric continuum calibrations based solely on color indices. The internal uncertainties achieved for continuum absolute flux calculations are 2\% of the solar chromospheric flux, one order of magnitude lower than photometric calibrations. We gauge the impact of observational errors on the final chromospheric fluxes due to the absolute continuum flux calibration and find that $T_{\rm eff}$ uncertainties are properly mitigated by the photospheric correction leaving [Fe/H] as the dominating factor in the chromospheric flux uncertainty. Across the FGK spectral types, the Ca II IRT lines are sensitive to chromospheric activity. The reduced internal uncertainties reported here enable us to build a new chromospheric absolute flux scale and explore the age-activity relation from the active regime down to very low activity levels and a wide range of $T_{\rm eff}$, mass, [Fe/H], and age.Comment: 12 pages, 12 figures, 6 tables, Accepted for publication on A&A. Abstract edited to comply with arXiv standards regarding the number of character

Consistent metallicity scale for cool dwarfs and giants. A benchmark test using the Hyades

In several instances chemical abundances of dwarf and giant stars are used simultaneously under the assumption that they share the same abundance scale. This assumption might have implications in different astrophysical contexts. We aim to ascertain a methodology capable of producing a consistent metallicity scale for giants and dwarfs. To achieve that, we analyzed giants and dwarfs in the Hyades open cluster. All these stars have archival high-resolution spectroscopic data obtained with HARPS and UVES. In addition, the giants have interferometric measurements of the angular diameters. We analyzed the sample with two methods. The first method constrains the atmospheric parameters independently from spectroscopy. For that we present a novel calibration of microturbulence based on 3D model atmospheres. The second method is the classical spectroscopic based on Fe lines. We also tested two line lists in an attempt to minimize possible non-LTE effects and to optimize the treatment of the giants. We show that it is possible to obtain a consistent metallicity scale between dwarfs and giants. The preferred method should constrain the three parameters $T_{\rm eff}$, $\log~g$, and $\xi$ independent of spectroscopy. In particular, the lines should be chosen to be free of blends in the spectra of giants. When attention is paid to the line list, the classical spectroscopic method can also produce consistent results. The metallicities derived with the well-constrained set of stellar parameters are consistent independent of the line list used. Therefore, for this cluster we favor the metallicity of +0.18$\pm$0.03 dex obtained with this method. The classical spectroscopic analysis, using the line list optimized for the giants, provides a metallicity of +0.14$\pm$0.03 dex, in agreement with previous works.Comment: 19 pages, 6 figures, 10 tables. Accepted for publication in A&

A guerra como parteira do capital

Nos últimos anos, diante da renovada disputa pela hegemonia no sistema interestatal, marcada por uma corrida armamentista entre grandes potências bélicas, pelo delineamento de uma “guerra fria” entre Estados Unidos e China, e, mais recentemente, pela eclosão da guerra entre Rússia e Ucrânia, que reintroduziu no noticiário a virtualidade do holocausto atômico, impôs-se ao campo da crítica da economia política a atualização da reflexão sobre a relação entre acumulação de capital, crise e militarismo. Com base em algumas recentes contribuições teóricas e na obra marxiana, neste artigo pretende-se discutir os nexos entre guerra e capital no contexto da acumulação primitiva, tendo particular atenção à consolidação de categorias fundamentais da acumulação de capital, como o valor, o trabalho abstrato, e o dinheiro, à constituição do sistema colonial e à emergência do moderno empresariado. Como pano de fundo da análise, está a constatação de que hoje, em um contexto particularmente crítico da reprodução capitalista, as determinações próprias às origens bélicas do capital são atualizadas de modo ameaçador

The usage of scenarios in the search for innovation regarding the model of rare disease associations: an empirical experience and its findings

Considering the challenge of organizational innovation in the rare disease associations, we propose the usage of Design Orienting Scenarios under the scope of a Strategic Design project. Such empirical experience generates reflections on the usage of scenarios for it stimulates both the participation of actors involved with the strategy and the expression of their visions and potentialities in a broad and democratic sense