Proteção dos povos indígenas e tradicionais em casos de temática ambiental: uma ponte ao fortalecimento do Sistema Interamericano de Direitos Humanos

Este artigo tem como objetivo buscar uma breve reflexão sobre as inter-relações entre a proteção internacional do meio ambiente e dos direitos humanos, bem como analisar as interconexões entre a temática ambiental e a defesa de direitos fundamentais dos povos indígenas e tradicionais das Américas

Diretrizes para projeto de e-books com enfoque em crianças em fase de alfabetização

Neste artigo, os autores propõem-se a explorar de que modo o projeto de e-books voltados a crianças em fase de alfabetização pode ser aprimorado, de modo a fazer uso mais consciente dos recursos tecnológicos e, assim, melhorar a experiência de leitura infantil nesse contexto de ensino-aprendizagem. Para isso, partem de uma pesquisa bibliográfica dividida em duas partes: a primeira busca identificar características do público-alvo, suas capacidades e limitações no que diz respeito à leitura em suporte digital; a segunda, por sua vez, procura elucidar os aspectos técnicos envolvidos no projeto de livros digitais infantis, sob o enfoque do design, abordando tópicos como tipografia, ilustração e diagramação. Posteriormente, realizam uma análise de similares, em que observam e avaliam dez publicações digitais voltadas ao público infantil. A partir dos dados obtidos, propõem, então, diretrizes preliminares de projeto de e-books infantis e destacam alguns pontos de discussão, que são avaliados por seis especialistas, selecionados entre designers gráficos com experiência teórico/prática e especialistas em educação e/ou pedagogos. As diretrizes preliminares e pontos de discussão passam, então, por uma reavaliação, a partir dos apontamentos feitos pelo corpo de especialistas consultados. Os autores definem, por fim, como resultado da pesquisa, vinte diretrizes de projeto de e-books infantis que permitam ao designer envolvido em um projeto de e-book infantil explorar de forma adequada os recursos tecnológicos, aprimorando a qualidade técnica dos livros digitais em contexto de alfabetização – pretende-se, dessa forma, contribuir com os esforços acadêmicos na área, elucidando formas de se trabalhar a leitura em suporte digital como ferramenta efetiva em ambiente educacional

INCLUIR É PRECISO

Social inclusion in schools is a process that requires a series of measures, such as adapting pedagogical practices to the educational demands that students present. The aim of this study was to analyze how is the service to students of Recanto das Emas Class 510 School, administrative region of the Federal District, in an inclusive perspective and to know what difficulties teachers face, whether they are prepared, feel qualified or not. , to deal with each type of student with their physical, mental, and so on disabilities. Thus, we made an overview of activities that are developed in EC 510 to confront the theories, laws, norms, guidelines and scholars of the subject in order to know and recognize the theme of Inclusion in reality. You could see that in this school there is a look interested in the human being, there are also trained professionals willing to change scenarios of unhappy children. In general, the school does what it can to ensure that social inclusion is not seen as difficult or impossible. The school's concern with providing quality education and wanting to overcome challenges is noticeable. Another relevant factor was the social context in which the school is inserted; In the community, in its history, references to violence, unemployment, precarious housing were noted and this may cause the low attendance of students in school.A inclusão social nas escolas é um processo que exige uma série de medidas, como por exemplo, adaptar práticas pedagógicas í s demandas educacionais que os alunos apresentam. Pretendeu-se neste estudo analisar como ocorre o atendimento aos estudantes da Escola Classe 510 do Recanto das Emas, região administrativa do Distrito Federal, em uma perspectiva inclusiva e  saber quais as dificuldades que os professores enfrentam, se estão preparados, se sentem capacitados ou não, para lidar com cada tipo de aluno com suas deficiências fí­sicas, psí­quicas, e etc. Assim, fizemos um apanhado de atividades que são desenvolvidas na EC 510 para confrontar com as teorias, leis, normas, diretrizes e estudiosas do assunto no sentido de conhecer e reconhecer o tema da Inclusão na realidade. Pôde perceber que nessa escola há um olhar interessado pelo ser humano, há também, profissionais capacitados e dispostos a mudar cenários de crianças infelizes. Em linhas gerais, a escola faz o que pode para que a inclusão social não seja vista como algo difí­cil ou impossí­vel de acontecer .É  perceptí­vel a preocupação da escola em oferecer uma educação de qualidade e de querer superar desafios. Outro fator relevante foi o contexto social em que a escola está inserida; notou-se na comunidade, em seu histórico, referências í  violência, a desemprego, a moradias precárias e isso pode ocasionar a baixa frequência dos alunos na escola

Kinin B2 receptor regulates chemokines CCL2 and CCL5 expression and modulates leukocyte recruitment and pathology in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) in mice

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Kinins are important mediators of inflammation and act through stimulation of two receptor subtypes, B₁and B₂. Leukocyte infiltration contributes to the pathogenesis of autoimmune inflammation in the central nervous system (CNS), occurring not only in multiple sclerosis (MS) but also in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). We have previously shown that the chemokines CCL2 and CCL5 play an important role in the adhesion of leukocytes to the brain microcirculation in EAE. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the relevance of B₂receptors to leukocyte-endothelium interactions in the cerebral microcirculation, and its participation in CNS inflammation in the experimental model of myelin-oligodendrocyte-glycoprotein (MOG)_35–55-induced EAE in mice.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>In order to evaluate the role of B2 receptor in the cerebral microvasculature we used wild-type (WT) and kinin B2 receptor knockout (B₂^-/-) mice subjected to MOG_35–55-induced EAE. Intravital microscopy was used to investigate leukocyte recruitment on pial matter vessels in B₂^-/-and WT EAE mice. Histological documentation of inflammatory infiltrates in brain and spinal cords was correlated with intravital findings. The expression of CCL5 and CCL2 in cerebral tissue was assessed by ELISA.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Clinical parameters of disease were reduced in B₂^-/-mice in comparison to wild type EAE mice. At day 14 after EAE induction, there was a significant decrease in the number of adherent leukocytes, a reduction of cerebral CCL5 and CCL2 expressions, and smaller inflammatory and degenerative changes in B₂^-/-mice when compared to WT.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>Our results suggest that B₂receptors have two major effects in the control of EAE severity: (i) B₂regulates the expression of chemokines, including CCL2 and CCL5, and (ii) B₂modulates leukocyte recruitment and inflammatory lesions in the CNS.</p

ISO spectroscopy of gas and dust: from molecular clouds to protoplanetary disks

Observations of interstellar gas-phase and solid-state species in the 2.4-200 micron range obtained with the spectrometers on board the Infrared Space Observatory are reviewed. Lines and bands due to ices, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, silicates and gas-phase atoms and molecules (in particular H2, CO, H2O, OH and CO2) are summarized and their diagnostic capabilities illustrated. The results are discussed in the context of the physical and chemical evolution of star-forming regions, including photon-dominated regions, shocks, protostellar envelopes and disks around young stars.Comment: 56 pages, 17 figures. To appear in Ann. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 2004. Higher resolution version posted at http://www.strw.leidenuniv.nl/~ewine/araa04.pd

Wolbachia in the flesh: symbiont intensities in germ-line and somatic tissues challenge the conventional view of Wolbachia transmission routes

Symbionts can substantially affect the evolution and ecology of their hosts. The investigation of the tissue-specific distribution of symbionts (tissue tropism) can provide important insight into host-symbiont interactions. Among other things, it can help to discern the importance of specific transmission routes and potential phenotypic effects. The intracellular bacterial symbiont Wolbachia has been described as the greatest ever panzootic, due to the wide array of arthropods that it infects. Being primarily vertically transmitted, it is expected that the transmission of Wolbachia would be enhanced by focusing infection in the reproductive tissues. In social insect hosts, this tropism would logically extend to reproductive rather than sterile castes, since the latter constitute a dead-end for vertically transmission. Here, we show that Wolbachia are not focused on reproductive tissues of eusocial insects, and that non-reproductive tissues of queens and workers of the ant Acromyrmex echinatior, harbour substantial infections. In particular, the comparatively high intensities of Wolbachia in the haemolymph, fat body, and faeces, suggest potential for horizontal transmission via parasitoids and the faecal-oral route, or a role for Wolbachia modulating the immune response of this host. It may be that somatic tissues and castes are not the evolutionary dead-end for Wolbachia that is commonly thought

Membranous nephropathy associated with viral infection

Background Membranous nephropathy (MN) can be associated with hepatitis infection and less commonly with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. The significance of anti-phospholipase A2 receptor (PLA2R) and anti-thrombospondin type 1 domain-containing 7A (THSD7A) antibodies in this setting is unclear. Methods We describe the clinical, histopathological and outcome data of 19 patients with MN and hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV) or HIV infection identified through our renal biopsy database and the association with anti-PLA2R antibodies and anti-THSD7A antibodies. Results The cohort consisted of 19 patients, 8 male and 11 female, with a median age of 42 years (range 23–74). HBV infection was found in six cases, HCV in four and HIV in nine (two HIV patients had HBV co-infection and one HCV co-infection). PLA2R staining on biopsy was positive in 10/19 patients: 4 with HBV-MN, 3 with HCV-MN and 3 with HIV-MN and circulating anti-PLA2R antibodies were detected in 7/10 cases. THSD7A staining on biopsy was positive in three PLA2R-negative cases, one with HBV-MN and two with HIV-MN. Mean proteinuria was higher in the PLA2R-positive group and the median urinary protein:creatinine ratio (uPCR) was 963 mg/mmol (range 22–2406) compared with the PLA2R-negative group [median uPCR 548 mg/mmol (range 65–1898); P = 0.18 Mann–Whitney]. Spontaneous remission occurred in 6/19 patients and after-treatment remission occurred in 7/11 patients. Renal function was preserved in all but two patients who required haemodialysis 2 and 11 years from diagnosis. Conclusions We describe a cohort of patients with MN associated with viral infection, including rare cases of HIV-MN with PLA2R and THSD7A positivity. The mechanism of coincidental or viral-related MN needs to be investigated further

Hygienic quality of dehydrated aromatic herbs marketed in Southern Portugal

Dehydrated aromatic herbs are highly valued ingredients, widely used at home level and by food processing industry, frequently added to a great number of recipes in the Mediterranean countries. Despite being considered low-moisture products and classified as GRAS, during pre and post-harvesting stages of production they are susceptible of microbial contamination. In Europe an increasing number of food recalls and disease outbreaks associated with dehydrated herbs have been reported in recent years. In this study the microbial quality of 99 samples of aromatic herbs (bay leaves, basil, coriander, oregano, parsley, Provence herbs, rosemary and thyme) collected from retails shops in the region of Algarve (Southern Portugal) was assessed. All the samples were tested by conventional methods and were assayed for the total count of aerobic mesophilic microorganisms, Salmonella spp., Escherichia coli, coagulase-positive staphylococci and filamentous fungi. Almost 50 % of the herbs did not exceed the aerobic mesophilic level of 104 CFU/g. The fungi count regarded as unacceptable (106 CFU/g) was not found in any of the tested herbs, while 84 % of the samples ranged from ≤102 to 104 CFU/g. No sample was positive for the presence of Salmonella spp., Escherichia coli and staphylococci. The results are in compliance with the European Commission criteria although they point out to the permanent need of surveillance on the good standards of handling/cooking practices as well as the importance of avoiding contamination at production, retailing and distribution. The microbiological hazards associated with the pathogenic and toxigenic microbiota of dried herbs remain as a relevant public health issue, due to the fact that they are added to foods not submitted to any following lethal procedure. Control measures should be adopted in order to ensure that all phases of their supply chain respect the food safety standards.FCT: UID/BIA/04325/2019.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio