Produção de biodiesel e óleo vegetal no Brasil: realidade e desafio

O governo e a sociedade brasileira têm debatido a matriz energética do país com a intenção de identificar alternativas que diminuam a sua dependência dos derivados de petróleo. O biodiesel tem sido o produto considerado mais promissor para substituir parte do diesel fóssil consumido no Brasil para reduzir a emissão de carbono. Este trabalho procurou analisar os dois mercados (biodiesel e óleo vegetal), identificar a mistura de biodiesel para cada região brasileira e caracterizar a produção de biodiesel e as processadoras de óleo vegetal. Os resultados mostram que o consumo do biodiesel está concentrado nas regiões Sul e Sudeste. Já as fábricas esmagadoras de óleos vegetais estão estruturadas para processarem soja e se concentram nas regiões Centro-oeste e Sul--------------------The Brazilian government had discussed about alternative energetic matrix to reduce petroleum dependence and carbon emission at atmosphere. Thus, the biodiesel had been main product to replace part of diesel consuming in Brazil. The present paper looked for analysis two markets and to identify the bland of biodiesel each region of Brazil, to describe de biodiesel production and to locate crushing oil vegetable. The results shows that biodiesel consume is concentrated in south and southeast region of Brazil, and the crushing of vegetable oil is structured to process soybean and the main regions are center ester and south of Brazil.Biodiesel, Produção de biodiesel e Óleo vegetal, biodiesel, biodiesel production and oil vegetable, Resource /Energy Economics and Policy,

Constraints on the core mu-gradient of the solar-like star HD 49385 via low-degree mixed modes

The existence of an l=1 avoided crossing in the spectrum of the solar-like pulsator CoRoT-target HD 49385 was established by Deheuvels & Michel (2009). It is the first confirmed detection of such a phenomenon. The authors showed in a preliminary modeling of the star that it was in a post main sequence status. Being a 1.3 Msun-star, HD 49385 has had a convective core during its main sequence phase. The mu-gradient left by the withdrawal of this core bears information about the processes of transport at the boundary of the core. We here investigate the constraints that the observed avoided crossing brings on the mu-gradient in the core of the star.Comment: 5 pages, 5 figures, accepted in Astron. Nach. This work was presented at the HELAS Conference in Lanzarote in February 201

Risks associated with a double-cropping production system – a case study in southern Brazil

This study assessed the risk exposure of the production system of a typical farm in southern Brazil. Five possible production systems were analyzed, combining three crops (soybeans, corn seasons and wheat) in different crop-year combinations, for example: “Summer soybeans followed by corn” and “Autumn corn followed by winter wheat”. Five different production systems were created based on the intensity of land use for each of the crops. Primary data were collected from a typical farm in the producing region over eight seasons (2006/07 to 2013/14). The Monte Carlo simulation technique was used to evaluate negative Net Operating Revenue (NOR) risk. The results showed that the production system with soybean and first season corn had a higher NOR and lower risk when compared with the other four production systems, which intensified the land use in the second season. When the production system had a higher rate of corn and/or wheat, the NOR and the risk to the production system increased for the first or second crop. Both corn and wheat in the second crop increased the risk to the production system on the typical farm in Cascavel, in the state of Parana (PR)

ANÁLISE DO FLUXO DE CAIXA DE PROPRIEDADES PRODUTORAS DE ALGODÃO E SOJA NO ESTADO DE GOIÁS

A análise do fluxo de caixa de uma propriedade tem por objetivo avaliar os períodos onde ocorrerão as maiores entradas de capital, bem como os meses de maior saída, propiciando um melhor planejamento ao longo do ano em relação à distribuição das vendas e dos pagamentos dos insumos agrícolas utilizados para o cultivo das culturas. Dessa forma, o presente trabalho tem por objetivo analisar a distribuição dos custos e receitas inerentes ao cultivo de soja e algodão no estado do Goiás na safra 2006/07. Os dados foram obtidos em reuniões com produtores agrícolas de três diferentes regiões do Estado. De maneira geral, foi possível verificar uma grande concentração de vencimentos de contratos em meses como março e abril, período referente ao pagamento dos defensivos agrícolas, e no mês de setembro, época onde são realizados os pagamentos de fertilizantes, levando a um déficit acentuando no caixa das propriedades nesses períodos específicos.-------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------Analyzing entries and payments of a farm has for objective to evaluate periods which will happen the highest cash entries and months where will have the bigger withdraws, allowing a better plan during the year of the commodities sales and payment of production costs. This work has for objective analyzes the distribution of the production costs during the year in three different regions in Goiás State during the 2006/07 season. All data were collected in meetings with farmers from these three regions of Goiás State. As a result, was possible to verify a great concentration of payments in months as March and April, referring to the period where agricultural defensives are paid, and in the month of September, month where the fertilizer are paid, leading to a high deficit in the farm cash flow.Fluxo de caixa, custo de produção agrícola, algodão, soja, Estado de Goiás, Cash flow, agricultural costs, cotton, soybean, Goiás, Agricultural Finance,

CARACTERIZAÇÃO E ANÁLISE DE SUSTENTABILIDADE DAS PROPRIEDADES TÍPICAS NO OESTE DE SÃO PAULO

A dinâmica do agronegócio é caracterizada por momentos de alta e de baixa. O ciclo de preço e a variação da produtividade das atividades presentes na propriedade determinam a rentabilidade e a sustentabilidade do negócio. Assim, o presente trabalho tem o objetivo de caracterizar a propriedade típica dos produtores da região de Assis (SP) e analisar sua sustentabilidade e fluxo de caixa. O estudo de caso descreveu as características de quatro propriedades típicas da região, revelando similaridade na adoção tecnológica e no módulo rural. Quanto ao sistema de produção, as propriedades apresentaram diferentes estratégias para garantir a rentabilidade e a sustentabilidade do negócio. A análise do fluxo de caixa e a análise da sustentabilidade da propriedade são utilizadas como ferramentas básicas para possíveis tomadas de decisões por parte dos produtores agrícolas. Em geral, a diversificação da propriedade viabiliza uma redução da sazonalidade do fluxo de caixa do negócio. -------------------------------------------------The agribusiness dynamics is characterized by time of high and low. The cycle of price and variation in the yield of activities in the property determine the profitability and sustainability of the business. Thus, the present study aims to characterize the typical property of the producers of the region de Assis (SP) and analyze the sustainability and cash flow of rural property. The case study described the characteristic properties of four typical of the region, showing similarity in adopting technology in rural module. Regarding the production system, the properties had different strategies to ensure the profitability and sustainability of the business. The analysis of cash flow and analysis of the sustainability of the property are used as basic tools for possible decision making on the part of farmers. In general, the diversification of the property is viable when it reduces the seasonality in cash flow of the business.propriedade típica, sustentabilidade do negócio, fluxo de caixa da propriedade, typical farm, sustainable business and farm cash-flow, Agricultural Finance, Farm Management,

Aspectos psicossociais e estigmatizantes da leishmaniose cutâneo-mucosa

Os autores selecionaram 15 pacientes portadores de leishmaniose cutâneo- mucosa (LCM) forma grave, onde buscaram, através de entrevista psicológica, conhecer aspectos da vida de cada um, antes de contrair a doença, no decorrer e após o tratamento. Concomitantemente, realizaram 25 entrevistas com a comunidade onde residem os pacientes, com a intenção de avaliar as reações da mesma ao doente com leishmaniose. Constataram que entre os pacientes entrevistados: 14(93,3%) referiram algum tipo de modificação no decorrer da doença; 11(73,3%) perceberam-se marginalizados; 9(60%) sentiram-se afastados do convívio da sociedade; 10(66,6%) tiveram dificuldade de retomar ao trabalho. Na comunidade, 11(44%) associam o portador da LCM a indivíduos que apresentam deformações no corpo, 8(32%) têm receio de contrair a doença pelo caráter destrutivo das lesões, 24(96%) referiram que os pacientes têm problemas de relacionamento social.The authors selected 15 patients with severe mucocutaneous leishmaniasis. By means of an interview concentrating on sociopsychological aspects they sought to understand aspects of the life of each patient before, during and after treatment of the disease. At the same time similar interviews were recorded on 25 healthy members of the same community to gauge their reaction to subjects with leishmaniasis. Among the patients interviewed, in 14(93.3%) their lives were affected by the disease and (73.3%) were suffering from discrimination. Nine (60%) felt di vorced from society and 10(66.6%) had difficulty in returning to work. Of the healthy community members interviewed 11(44%) associated the disease with bodily deformities and 8(32%) were afraid of catching the disease due its destructive nature. Twenty-four (96%) thought patients had social problems

Constraints on the structure of the core of subgiants via mixed modes: the case of HD49385

The solar-like pulsator HD49385 was observed with the CoRoT satellite during 137 days. The analysis of its oscillation spectrum yielded precise estimates of the mode frequencies over nine radial orders and pointed out some unusual characteristics: there exist some modes outside the identified ridges in the echelle diagram and the curvature of the l=1 ridge significantly differs from that of the l=0 ridge. We here propose a toy-model to describe avoided crossings with a strong coupling between the p-mode and g-mode cavities and we show that the peculiar features of the oscillation spectrum of HD49385 can be accounted for only by a low-frequency l=1 avoided crossing. This leads us to establish the post-main-sequence status of HD49385. We then investigate the information which is brought by the mixed modes about the structure of the core. Having shown that traditional optimization techniques are ill-suited for stars with mixed modes in avoided crossing, we propose a new approach to the computation of grids of models, which we apply to HD49385. As a result, we show that the amount of core overshooting in HD49385 is either very low (0<alpha_ov<0.05) or moderate (0.18<alpha_ov<0.20). The mixing length parameter is found to be significantly lower than the solar one (alpha_CGM=0.55\pm0.04 compared to the solar calibrated value alpha_sun=0.64). We also find that the revised solar abundances of Asplund give a better agreement than the classical ones of Grevesse & Noels. Finally, we show that the strength of the coupling between the cavities, which can be estimated through the properties of the observed avoided crossing, plays a dominant role in constraining the parameters of the models. At each step, we investigate the origin and meaning of our seismic diagnostics in terms of the physical structure of the star.Comment: accepted in A&A, 20 pages, 23 figure