Network anomaly detection using adversarial Deep Learning

Dissertação de mestrado integrado em Engenharia InformáticaComputer networks security is becoming an important and challenging topic. In particular, one currently witnesses increasingly complex attacks which are also bound to become more and more sophisticated with the advent of artificial intelligence technologies. Intrusion detection systems are a crucial component in network security. However, the limited number of publicly available network datasets and their poor traffic variety and attack diversity are a major stumbling block in the proper development of these systems. In order to overcome such difficulties and therefore maximise the detection of anomalies in the network, it is proposed the use of Adversarial Deep Learning techniques to increase the amount and variety of existing data and, simultaneously, to improve the learning ability of the classification models used for anomaly detection. This master’s dissertation main goal is the development of a system that proves capable of improving the detection of anomalies in the network through the use of Adversarial Deep Learning techniques, in particular, Generative Adversarial Networks. With this in mind, firstly, a state-of-the-art analysis and a review of existing solutions were addressed. Subsequently, efforts were made to build a modular solution to learn from imbalanced datasets with applications not only in the field of anomaly detection in the network, but also in all areas affected by imbalanced data problems. Finally, it was demonstrated the feasibility of the developed system with its application to a network flow dataset.A segurança das redes de computadores tem-se vindo a tornar num tópico importante e desafiador. Em particular, atualmente testemunham-se ataques cada vez mais complexos que, com o advento das tecnologias de inteligência artificial, tendem a tornar-se cada vez mais sofisticados. Sistemas de deteção de intrusão são uma peça chave na segurança de redes de computadores. No entanto, o número limitado de dados públicos de fluxo de rede e a sua pobre diversidade e variedade de ataques revelam-se num grande obstáculo para o correto desenvolvimento destes sistemas. De forma a ultrapassar tais adversidades e consequentemente melhorar a deteção de anomalias na rede, é proposto que sejam utilizadas técnicas de Adversarial Deep Learning para aumentar o número e variedade de dados existentes e, simultaneamente, melhorar a capacidade de aprendizagem dos modelos de classificação utilizados na deteção de anomalias. O objetivo principal desta dissertação de mestrado é o desenvolvimento de um sistema que se prove capaz de melhorar a deteção de anomalias na rede através de técnicas de Adversarial Deep Learning, em particular, através do uso de Generative Adversarial Networks. Neste sentido, primeiramente, procedeu-se à análise do estado de arte assim como à investigação de soluções existentes. Posteriormente, atuou-se de forma a desenvolver uma solução modular com aplicação não só na área de deteção de anomalias na rede, mas também em todas as áreas afetadas pelo problema de dados desbalanceados. Por fim, demonstrou-se a viabilidade do sistema desenvolvido com a sua aplicação a um conjunto de dados de fluxo de rede

As interações CTSA no ensino de ecologia : um estudo sobre cadeia alimentar

A influência dos conhecimentos prévios sobre o processo de ensino-aprendizagem configura- se como ponto de partida às atividades de ensino. Aplicou-se a 79 estudantes do Ensino Médio um questionário contendo 3 questões abertas sobre cadeia e teia alimentar, com o objetivo de identificar os conhecimentos prévios relacionados com esses conceitos e apontar algumas possibilidades de passagem destes conhecimentos cotidianos para conhecimentos científicos. A análise de conteúdo evidenciou que os conhecimentos prévios se apresentavam carregados de equívocos sobre o tema e que os conhecimentos cotidianos prevaleciam sobre os conhecimentos científicos, de modo a afetar a aprendizagem dos últimos, requerendo dos educadores atenção redobrada durante o processo de ensino-aprendizagem

Comparison Between High-Flow Nasal Cannula and Noninvasive Ventilation for Acute Hypoxemic Respiratory Failure: A Retrospective Study

OBJETIVO: Avaliar o impacto da cânula nasal de alto fluxo (CNAF) em doentes com insuficiência respiratória aguda hipoxémica (IRAH), em comparação com ventilação mecânica não invasiva (VNI). MÉTODOS: Conduzimos um estudo retrospetivo unicêntrico de doentes com IRAH admitidos na Unidade de Cuidados Intensivos (UCI) que realizaram CNAF ou VNI. Os outcomes primários incluem mortalidade na UCI e mortalidade aos 90 dias. A necessidade de ventilação mecânica invasiva (VMI) e o tempo de internamento na UCI foram definidos como outcomes secundários. RESULTADOS: Um total de 101 doentes foram incluídos no estudo (VNI 82; CNAF 19). A mortalidade na UCI (VNI 19.5% e CNAF 0%; p=0.037) e a necessidade de VMI (VNI 45.1% e CNAF 15.8%; p=0.018) foram significativamente menores no grupo da CNAF. Não foram observadas diferenças na mortalidade aos 90 dias ou no tempo de internamento na UCI. Na análise de subgrupo, a CNAF associou-se a menor risco de internamentos mais longos na UCI nos seguintes subgrupos: 100<rácio PaO2/FiO2≤200; 200<rácio PaO2/FiO2≤300; Pneumonia, Síndrome de dificuldade respiratória aguda ou Outra como causa de IRAH. Contudo, em doentes com Insuficiência cardíaca descompensada, a CNAF associou-se a um risco aumentado de internamentos mais longos na UCI. CONCLUSÃO: Entre pacientes com IRAH, a CNAF associou-se a mortalidade na UCI e necessidade de VMI significativamente menores.PURPOSE: To evaluate the impact of high-flow nasal cannula (HFNC) on patients with acute hypoxemic respiratory failure (AHRF) when compared to noninvasive mechanical ventilation (NIV). METHODS: We conducted a retrospective single-center study of patients with AHRF admitted in the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) who performed HFNC or NIV. The primary outcomes included mortality during ICU stay and 90-day mortality. The need for invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV) and ICU length of stay were defined as secondary outcomes. RESULTS: A total of 101 patients were included in the study (NIV 82; HFNC 19). Mortality during ICU stay (NIV 19.5% versus HFNC 0%; p=0.037) and need for IMV (NIV 45.1% versus HFNC 15.8%; p=0.018) were significantly lower in the HFNC group. No differences were observed in 90-day mortality or ICU length of stay. In the subgroup analysis, HFNC was associated with a decreased risk of longer ICU stay in the following subgroups: 100<PaO2/FiO2 ratio≤200; 200<PaO2/FiO2 ratio≤300; Pneumonia, Acute respiratory distress syndrome or Other as cause of AHRF. However, in patients with Decompensated heart failure, HFNC was associated with an increased risk of longer ICU stay. CONCLUSION: Among AHRF patients, HFNC was associated with significantly lower mortality during ICU stay and need for IMV

An Overview of Chemical Mixtures Assessment and Modelling in the Aquatic Environment

The objective of this review is to assess what is known on the effect of mixtures in order todevelop ecological models that incorporate these effects in a coherent way, allowing for a correct description of the effects of exposure in aquatic ecosystems, and to developthresholds for contaminant concentrations that incorporate the knowledge of the effects of chemical mixtures and are not onlybased on a single compound.JRC.H.5-Rural, water and ecosystem resource

L-Lactic Acid Production by Lactobacillus rhamnosus

Lactic acid has been shown to have the most promising application in biomaterials as poly(lactic acid). L. rhamnosus ATCC 10863 that produces L-lactic acid was used to perform the fermentation and molasses was used as substrate. A solution containing 27.6 g/L of sucrose (main composition of molasses) and 3.0 g/L of yeast extract was prepared, considering the final volume of 3,571 mL (14.0% (v/v) inoculum). Batch and fed batch fermentations were performed with temperature of 43.4°C and pH of 5.0. At the fed batch, three molasses feed were applied at 12, 24, and 36 hours. Samples were taken every two hours and the amounts of lactic acid, sucrose, glucose, and fructose were determined by HPLC. The sucrose was barely consumed at both processes; otherwise the glucose and fructose were almost entirely consumed. 16.5 g/L of lactic acid was produced at batch and 22.0 g/L at fed batch. Considering that lactic acid was produced due to the low concentration of the well consumed sugars, the final amount was considerable. The cell growth was checked and no substrate inhibition was observed. A sucrose molasses hydrolysis is suggested to better avail the molasses fermentation with this strain, surely increasing the L-lactic acid

LA ENSEÑANZA DE HISTORIA EN LOS PRIMEROS AÑOS: IMAGINACIÓN, SENSIBILIDAD Y EXPERIENCIA

Este artigo tem como objetivo apresentar um trabalho desenvolvido com alunas e alunos da disciplina Ensino de História, de agosto a novembro, no Curso de Licenciatura em Pedagogia da Universidade Estadual da Paraíba - UEPB, no semestre 2020.1. Na ocasião, pensamos sobre as possibilidades e os desafios de abordar conteúdos e procedimentos didáticos para esse componente, especificamente em aulas remotas. No primeiro momento, pensamos em acionar a sensibilidade nas aulas de História, aquilo que nos passa, que nos afeta, que nos toca, que nos forma a partir do que sentimos. Para isso, fundamentamo-nos nas contribuições de Soares Júnior (2019) e Albuquerque Júnior (s/d), com a finalidade de refletir sobre as aulas de História desvinculadas das amarras do ensino tradicional positivista. Metodologicamente, utilizamos as experiências vividas, apresentadas e relatadas pelos alunos e alunas da referida disciplina. Concluímos que precisamos pensar no ensino de História para as crianças a partir de concepções que mobilizem a sensibilidade, o ver, o ouvir, o imaginar, o criar e o sentir, tendo em vista a formação de cidadãos comprometidos com a realidade, a identidade, o respeito e a alteridade.This article has the objective of presenting a work developed with students from the component History Teaching, from August to November, in the Pedagogy Degree at Universidade Estadual da Paraíba – UEPB [Paraíba’s State University], in the 2020.1 semester. At the occasion, we have thought about the possibilities and challenges of approaching subjects and didactic procedures for this component, specifically in remote classes. At the first, we have thought in actioning the sensibility in History classes, what we have passed, what affects us, touches us, forms us from what we feel. For this, we have based on the contributions of Soares Júnior, (2019) and Albuquerque Júnior (s/d), with the goal of reflecting on History classes untied from the moorings of positivist traditional teaching. Methodologically, we have used the lived experiences, presented and related by the students of referred component. We have concluded that we need to think of History teaching for children from conceptions that mobilize the sensibility, the seeing, listening, imagining, creating, and feeling, considering the formation of citizens committed to reality, identity, respect, and otherness.Este artículo tiene como objetivo presentar un trabajo desarrollado con estudiantes de la disciplina de Didáctica de la Historia, de agosto a noviembre, en la Licenciatura en Pedagogía de la Universidad Estatal de Paraíba - UEPB, en el semestre 2020.1. En ese momento, pensamos en las posibilidades y desafíos de abordar contenidos y procedimientos didácticos para este componente, específicamente en clases remotas. En un principio pensamos en activar la sensibilidad en las clases de Historia, lo que nos pasa, lo que nos afecta, lo que nos toca, lo que nos moldea desde lo que sentimos. Para ello, nos basamos en los aportes de Soares Júnior (2019) y Albuquerque Júnior (s/d), con el propósito de reflexionar sobre clases de Historia que no están vinculadas a la enseñanza positivista tradicional. Metodológicamente, utilizamos las experiencias vividas, presentadas e informadas por los estudiantes de esa disciplina. Concluimos que es necesario pensar en la enseñanza de la historia a los niños desde conceptos que movilicen la sensibilidad, el ver, el oír, imaginar, crear y sentir, con miras a formar ciudadanos comprometidos con la realidad, la identidad, el respeto y la alteridad

Prebiotics and Probiotics - Potential Benefits in Human Nutrition and Health

The growing interest of using probiotic bacteria into foods has lately increased due to its beneficial effects on intestinal microbiota. This fact has motivated researchers and the food industry to develop new functional products, such as probiotics. The probiotic fruit juices can be a good alternative for new foodstuff production mainly for people with galactosemia and lactose intolerance. Among the microencapsulation techniques of probiotics in juices, spray drying and freeze drying are two of the most used with 220 and 228 publications found in Science Direct, 8 and 0 Web Science, and 5 and 0 in SCOPUS, respectively. Several studies have reported the addition of probiotics in different fruit juices to produce functional beverages; however, there are no reports on the use of three or more probiotic microorganisms in mixed beverage. Our research group has been directing studies in this area in order to provide results of scientific interest and to food industry

How the current economic crises may influence the forthcoming fertility intentions in the Southern European Countries?

Over the past decades, many studies have attempted to describe and explain the persistence of low fertility rates among the countries of South Europe. Considering the sustained decline in fertility, in these countries, this paper aim to contribute to characterize the individuals who plan to have children in the forthcoming future versus those who intend to have them later. Additionally, it intends to analyse the extent to which different social and demographic circumstances are related with those intentions, among residents in the Southern European countries. Using data from Eurobarometer 2011, we use a logistic regression model to identify and quantify the effect of significant covariates in the planning of childbirth in the short term.Our results show that fertility intentions differ between countries and according several socio-demographic factors, such as age, partnership and labour market participation. In the Southern European countries, are more likely to intend to have a child, in the next three years, those who participate in the labour market, aged over 29 years old, married and residents in Italy