“Do lado de fora” : trajetórias de vida de jovens que cumpriram a medida socioeducativa de liberdade assistida em Samambaia-DF

Dissertação (mestrado)—Universidade de Brasília, Centro de Estudos Avançados e Multidisciplinares, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Direitos Humanos e Cidadania, 2020.Este trabalho reflete sobre a medida socioeducativa de liberdade assistida, especificamente no Distrito Federal. Faz-se uma retrospectiva da legislação brasileira sobre os adolescentes que ainda não atingiram a maioridade penal e cometeram atos infracionais, desde o Código Criminal de 1830 ao Estatuto da Criança e do Adolescente de 1990, para apresentar os avanços e retrocessos acerca do tema no país e mostrar a mentalidade vigente nos diferentes momentos. A mentalidade punivista, que existe no Brasil há muito tempo, mostra sua face nos recorrentes debates sobre a redução da maioridade penal no país. A educação tem papel preponderante nas medidas socioeducativas e esta dissertação busca entender como ela contribui para que o jovem que comete ato infracional torne-se um sujeito de direitos. Foram feitas entrevistas com jovens que já cumpriram a medida socioeducativa de liberdade assistida para conhecer a visão deles sobre a medida em si, a redução da maioridade penal, a educação e suas experiências de vida. Em meio à pandemia de Covid-19 que assolou o mundo no ano de 2020, faz-se necessário analisar como ela afetou a educação brasileira e qual foi o impacto no cumprimento da medida de liberdade assistida, o que foi feito através de entrevista com profissionais que trabalham no acompanhamento dos jovens. O resultado da pesquisa demonstrou que a educação tem papel fundamental na vida de jovens sob medida socioeducativa de liberdade assistida, não só por oferecer acesso à educação formal e à escolarização, mas também à socialização na escola e por permitir acesso ao mercado de trabalho. Este último tem sido instrumento de inserção do jovem na sociedade, de forma a possibilitar condições concretas de sobrevivência e, ao mesmo tempo, oferecer novas oportunidades para redirecionar seu projeto de vida.This work is a reflection about the attended freedom partner-educative measure specifically in the Federal District of Brazil. A retrospective of the Brazilian law about individuals who have not achieved criminal majority is done starting in the 1830 Criminal Code until the 1990 Child and Adolescent Statute to present the advances and setbacks on the topic in Brazil and show the current mentality at different times. Punitivist mentality, that exists in the country for a long time, shows its face in recurring discussions about lowering the criminal majority in Brazil. Education has a preponderant role in partner-educative measures and this work try to understand how it contributes to the adolescents who committed infractional acts becomes a subject of rights. Interviews were made with adolescents who have already went thru the attended freedom partner- educative measure to get to know their opinion about the measure itself, reduction of criminal majority, education, and their life experiences. Amidst the Covid-19 pandemic that hit the whole world in the year of 2020 it is necessary to analyse how it affected Brazilian education and what was the impact on attended freedom partner-educative measure. This was done through an interview with professionals who assist these adolescents. The result of this work shows that education has a fundamental role in the life of adolescents in attended freedom partner-educative measure not only for providing access to formal education but also for providing socialization in school, helping the youngsters to get in the job market. The latter has been an insertion instrument of these adolescents in society to enable concrete survival conditions and, at the same time, offer new opportunities to redirect their life projects

Association between convalescent plasma treatment and mortality in COVID-19: a collaborative systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials.

Funder: laura and john arnold foundationBACKGROUND: Convalescent plasma has been widely used to treat COVID-19 and is under investigation in numerous randomized clinical trials, but results are publicly available only for a small number of trials. The objective of this study was to assess the benefits of convalescent plasma treatment compared to placebo or no treatment and all-cause mortality in patients with COVID-19, using data from all available randomized clinical trials, including unpublished and ongoing trials (Open Science Framework, https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/GEHFX ). METHODS: In this collaborative systematic review and meta-analysis, clinical trial registries (ClinicalTrials.gov, WHO International Clinical Trials Registry Platform), the Cochrane COVID-19 register, the LOVE database, and PubMed were searched until April 8, 2021. Investigators of trials registered by March 1, 2021, without published results were contacted via email. Eligible were ongoing, discontinued and completed randomized clinical trials that compared convalescent plasma with placebo or no treatment in COVID-19 patients, regardless of setting or treatment schedule. Aggregated mortality data were extracted from publications or provided by investigators of unpublished trials and combined using the Hartung-Knapp-Sidik-Jonkman random effects model. We investigated the contribution of unpublished trials to the overall evidence. RESULTS: A total of 16,477 patients were included in 33 trials (20 unpublished with 3190 patients, 13 published with 13,287 patients). 32 trials enrolled only hospitalized patients (including 3 with only intensive care unit patients). Risk of bias was low for 29/33 trials. Of 8495 patients who received convalescent plasma, 1997 died (23%), and of 7982 control patients, 1952 died (24%). The combined risk ratio for all-cause mortality was 0.97 (95% confidence interval: 0.92; 1.02) with between-study heterogeneity not beyond chance (I2 = 0%). The RECOVERY trial had 69.8% and the unpublished evidence 25.3% of the weight in the meta-analysis. CONCLUSIONS: Convalescent plasma treatment of patients with COVID-19 did not reduce all-cause mortality. These results provide strong evidence that convalescent plasma treatment for patients with COVID-19 should not be used outside of randomized trials. Evidence synthesis from collaborations among trial investigators can inform both evidence generation and evidence application in patient care

New ways for monitoring the public workforce after the pandemic: The management and performance program in the Brazilian Federal Government

The sanitary emergency of the COVID-19 pandemic resulted in a push for the adoption of teleworking in both public and private sector. In the Brazilian Federal Government, such effort was supported by a national program named Management and Performance Program - PGD (Programa de Gestão e Desempenho). The PGD enabled the country's federal civil servants from the Executive to work from home and was established with three main pillars. First, it supported new ways of contracting deliverables between management and teams. They allowed work to be monitored remotely instead of the old-fashioned procedure of controlling time sheets. Second, to unleash the possibilities of such contracting, governmental units were pushed to map their main service delivery processes and transform them into tasks that could be rationally distributed to teams. Third, new digital systems registered these agreements and monitored their execution monthly. Based on the case study of the PGD, this policy paper describes the development of the PGD within the Brazilian government and indicates challenges to progress with its implementation. We conclude that the PGD might have created the needed structure for the government to step towards new ways of managing the workforce. This policy paper presented the case study of the PGD, a transformation program within the Brazilian government that enabled remote work in public service in Brazil. The PGD study case was based on documents, websites, articles, and news from the Program's implementation process. Many of the presented discussions are ongoing and aim to support practical and academic discussions on the challenges of implementing government transformation. The PGD is the Brazilian national Program that comprises legislation, digital systems, and management practices improved during the pandemic to enable teleworking in the government. Besides remote work, it can be seen as a driver for setting new work planning and monitoring practices. The PGD demanded innovative digital systems and generated opportunities for strategic changes in the Brazilian public service.Information and Communication Technolog

Cerebrospinal fluid and plasma cytokines after subarachnoid haemorrhage: CSF interleukin-6 may be an early marker of infection

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Cytokines and cytokine receptor concentrations increase in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of patients following subarachnoid haemorrhage (SAH). The relationship between plasma and CSF cytokines, and factors affecting this, are not clear.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>To help define the relationship, paired plasma and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples were collected from patients subject to ventriculostomy. Concentrations of key inflammatory cytokines, interleukin (IL)-1ß, IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra), IL-1 receptor 2, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and TNF receptors (TNF-R) 1 and 2 were determined by immunoassay of CSF and plasma from 21 patients, where samples were available at three or more time points.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Plasma concentrations of IL-1ß, IL-1Ra, IL-10, TNF-α and TNF-R1 were similar to those in CSF. Plasma TNF-R2 and IL-1R2 concentrations were higher than in CSF. Concentrations of IL-8 and IL-6 in CSF were approximately10 to 1,000-fold higher than in plasma. There was a weak correlation between CSF and plasma IL-8 concentrations (r = 0.26), but no correlation for IL-6. Differences between the central and peripheral pattern of IL-6 were associated with episodes of ventriculostomy-related infection (VRI). A VRI was associated with CSF IL-6 >10,000 pg/mL (<it>P</it> = 0.0002), although peripheral infection was not significantly associated with plasma IL-6.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>These data suggest that plasma cytokine concentrations cannot be used to identify relative changes in the CSF, but that measurement of CSF IL-6 could provide a useful marker of VRI.</p