Disposal Options of Bamboo Fabric-Reinforced Poly(Lactic) Acid Composites for Sustainable Packaging: Biodegradability and Recyclability

The present study was conducted to determine the recyclability and biodegradability of bamboo fabric-reinforced poly(lactic) acid (BF-PLA) composites for sustainable packaging. BF-PLA composite was recycled through the granulation, extrusion, pelletization and injection processes. Subsequently, mechanical properties (tensile, flexural and impact strength), thermal stability and the morphological appearance of recycled BF-PLA composites were determined and compared to BF-PLA composite (initial materials) and virgin PLA. It was observed that the BF-PLA composites had the adequate mechanical rigidity and thermal stability to be recycled and reused. Moreover, the biodegradability of BF-PLA composite was evaluated in controlled and real composting conditions, and the rate of biodegradability of BF-PLA composites was compared to the virgin PLA. Morphological and thermal characteristics of the biodegradable BF-PLA and virgin PLA were obtained by using environment scanning electron microscopy (ESEM) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), respectively. The first order decay rate was found to be 0.0278 and 0.0151 day�1 in a controlled composting condition and 0.0008 and 0.0009 day�1 in real composting conditions for virgin PLA and BF-PLA composite, respectively. Results indicate that the reinforcement of bamboo fabric in PLA matrix minimizes the degradation rate of BF-PLA composite. Thus, BF-PLA composite has the potential to be used in product packaging for providing sustainable packaging

Green Composites Made of Bamboo Fabric and Poly (Lactic) Acid for Packaging Applications—A Review

Petroleum based thermoplastics are widely used in a range of applications, particularly in packaging. However, their usage has resulted in soaring pollutant emissions. Thus, researchers have been driven to seek environmentally friendly alternative packaging materials which are recyclable as well as biodegradable. Due to the excellent mechanical properties of natural fibres, they have been extensively used to reinforce biopolymers to produce biodegradable composites. A detailed understanding of the properties of such composite materials is vital for assessing their applicability to various products. The present review discusses several functional properties related to packaging applications in order to explore the potential of bamboo fibre fabric-poly (lactic) acid composites for packaging applications. Physical properties, heat deflection temperature, impact resistance, recyclability and biodegradability are important functional properties of packaging materials. In this review, we will also comprehensively discuss the chronological events and applications of natural fibre biopolymer composites

Green Composites Made of Bamboo Fabric and Poly (Lactic) Acid for Packaging Applications—A Review

Petroleum based thermoplastics are widely used in a range of applications, particularly in packaging. However, their usage has resulted in soaring pollutant emissions. Thus, researchers have been driven to seek environmentally friendly alternative packaging materials which are recyclable as well as biodegradable. Due to the excellent mechanical properties of natural fibres, they have been extensively used to reinforce biopolymers to produce biodegradable composites. A detailed understanding of the properties of such composite materials is vital for assessing their applicability to various products. The present review discusses several functional properties related to packaging applications in order to explore the potential of bamboo fibre fabric-poly (lactic) acid composites for packaging applications. Physical properties, heat deflection temperature, impact resistance, recyclability and biodegradability are important functional properties of packaging materials. In this review, we will also comprehensively discuss the chronological events and applications of natural fibre biopolymer composites

Production and characterization of the defatted oil palm shell nanoparticles

This present study was conducted to produce defatted oil palm shell (OPS) nanoparticles. Wherein, the OPS nanoparticles were defatted by solvent extraction method. Several analytical methods including transmission electron microscope (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), particle size analyzer, scanning electron microscope (SEM), SEM energy dispersive X-ray (SEM-EDX) and thermal gravimetric analyzer (TGA) were used to characterize the untreated and defatted OPS nanoparticles. It was found that 75.3% OPS particles were converted into nanoparticles during ball milling. The obtained OPS nanoparticles had smaller surface area with angular, irregular and crushed shapes under SEM view. The defatted OPS nanoparticles did not show any agglomeration during TEM observation. However, the untreated OPS nanoparticles had higher decomposition temperature as compared to the defatted OPS nanoparticles. Based on the characterization results of the OPS nanoparticles, it is evident that the defatted OPS nanoparticles has the potentiality to be used as filler in biocomposites

Green Composites Made of Bamboo Fabric and Poly (Lactic) Acid for Packaging Applications—A Review

Petroleum based thermoplastics are widely used in a range of applications, particularly in packaging. However, their usage has resulted in soaring pollutant emissions. Thus, researchers have been driven to seek environmentally friendly alternative packaging materials which are recyclable as well as biodegradable. Due to the excellent mechanical properties of natural fibres, they have been extensively used to reinforce biopolymers to produce biodegradable composites. A detailed understanding of the properties of such composite materials is vital for assessing their applicability to various products. The present review discusses several functional properties related to packaging applications in order to explore the potential of bamboo fibre fabric-poly (lactic) acid composites for packaging applications. Physical properties, heat deflection temperature, impact resistance, recyclability and biodegradability are important functional properties of packaging materials. In this review, we will also comprehensively discuss the chronological events and applications of natural fibre biopolymer composites

Optimization of high pressure homogenization parameters for the isolation of cellulosic nanofibers using response surface methodology

Response surface methodology (RSM) was used to determine the effects of high pressure homogenization (HPH) parameters (pressure and number of cycles) on the isolated yield, crystallinity, and diameter of kenaf bast cellulose nanofibers (CNF). Central composite design of experiments was utilized to determine the optimal pressure and number of cycles of HPS for the highest CNF yield, crystallinity, and lowest CNF diameter. The linear terms for the pressure and homogenization cycles had significant effects on the CNF yield, crystallinity, and diameter, whereas the interaction between the pressure and homogenization cycles had a significant effect on the CNF crystallinity. The optimized experimental conditions for the HPH process were a homogenization pressure of 56 MPa, 44 P homogenization cycles, and a 0.1 wt% fiber suspension concentration. Under these conditions,the isolated kenaf bast CNF yield was 89.9% with 56.5% CNF crystallinity and a CNF diameter of 8 n

Physicochemical of microcrystalline cellulose from oil palm fronds as potential methylene blue adsorbents

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