Nuevas tendencias en la evaluación de las dificultades de aprendizaje de las matemáticas. El papel de la metacognición

Introducción. Las tendencias actuales en la evaluación de las dificultades de aprendizaje de las matemáticas (DAM), fundamentadas en los modelos cognitivo y empírico, se orientan hacia la combinación de procedimientos referidos al criterio y a la valoración de los procesos cognitivos y metacognitivos, asociados al desempeño en tareas matemáticas. Objetivos. Analizar las habilidades metacognitivas de predicción y evaluación en el desempeño de tareas matemáticas, y comparar el rendimiento metacognitivo entre estudiantes con DAM y estudiantes más jóvenes sin DAM, igualados en el mismo nivel de desempeño matemático. Así mismo se analiza la ilusión de conocer de estos estudiantes. Sujetos y métodos. Se comparan un total de 44 estudiantes de segundo ciclo de primaria con y sin dificultades de aprendizaje en las matemáticas. Resultados. Se observan diferencias significativas entre los estudiantes con y sin dificultades de aprendizaje en las matemáticas, en su capacidad para predecir y evaluar el conjunto de tareas valoradas. En cuanto a la `ilusión de conocer¿, no se encontraron diferencias significativas entre los estudiantes con y sin DAM, indicando que los estudiantes con DAM valoran sus posibilidades de tener éxito en la ejecución de tareas matemáticas de igual forma que los estudiantes sin DAM. Finalmente, los resultados revelan un perfil metacognitivo semejante en los estudiantes con DAM y los estudiantes más jóvenes sin dificultades de aprendizaje en las matemáticas. Conclusión. Se considera importante analizar en futuros estudios la influencia del sistema de creencias socioafectivas en el uso de habilidades metacognitivas

Effectiveness and Safety of the Sequential Use of a Second and Third Anti-TNF Agent in Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Results from the Eneida Registry

Background: The effectiveness of the switch to another anti-tumor necrosis factor (anti-TNF) agent is not known. The aim of this study was to analyze the effectiveness and safety of treatment with a second and third anti-TNF drug after intolerance to or failure of a previous anti-TNF agent in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) patients. Methods: We included patients diagnosed with IBD from the ENEIDA registry who received another anti-TNF after intolerance to or failure of a prior anti-TNF agent. Results: A total of 1122 patients were included. In the short term, remission was achieved in 55% of the patients with the second anti-TNF. The incidence of loss of response was 19% per patient-year with the second anti-TNF. Combination therapy (hazard ratio [HR], 2.4; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.8-3; P < 0.0001) and ulcerative colitis vs Crohn''s disease (HR, 1.6; 95% CI, 1.1-2.1; P = 0.005) were associated with a higher probability of loss of response. Fifteen percent of the patients had adverse events, and 10% had to discontinue the second anti-TNF. Of the 71 patients who received a third anti-TNF, 55% achieved remission. The incidence of loss of response was 22% per patient-year with a third anti-TNF. Adverse events occurred in 7 patients (11%), but only 1 stopped the drug. Conclusions: Approximately half of the patients who received a second anti-TNF achieved remission; nevertheless, a significant proportion of them subsequently lost response. Combination therapy and type of IBD were associated with loss of response. Remission was achieved in almost 50% of patients who received a third anti-TNF; nevertheless, a significant proportion of them subsequently lost response

Productivity in agricultural systems under climate change scenarios. Evaluation and adaptation

The direct (CO$_{2}$ increase) and indirect (temperature increase and change in rainfall) components of climate change will have different affects on the productivity of the various agricultural regions of the world that can, as is currently occurring, be enhanced or diminished by economic, social, and political forces. The Iberian Peninsula is presented as a case study to describe the use of crop simulation models to assess impacts and uncertainties of projected climate change on agricultural productivity. Possible short and long-term adaptive options are also discussed

Strategies for adapting maize to climate change and extreme temperatures in Andalusia, Spain

Climate projections indicate that rising temperatures will affect summer crops in the southern Iberian Peninsula. The aim of this study was to obtain projections of the impacts of rising temperatures, and of higher frequency of extreme events on irrigated maize, and to evaluate some adaptation strategies. The study was conducted at several locations in Andalusia using the CERESMaize crop model, previously calibrated/validated with local experimental datasets. The simulated climate consisted of projections from regional climate models from the ENSEMBLES project; these were corrected for daily temperature and precipitation with regard to the E-OBS observational dataset. These bias-corrected projections were used with the CERES-Maize model to generate future impacts. Crop model results showed a decrease in maize yield by the end of the 21st century from 6 to 20%, a decrease of up to 25% in irrigation water requirements, and an increase in irrigation water productivity of up to 22%, due to earlier maturity dates and stomatal closure caused by CO2 increase. When adaptation strategies combining earlier sowing dates and cultivar changes were considered, impacts were compensated, and maize yield increased up to 14%, compared with the baseline period (1981−2010), with similar reductions in crop irrigation water requirements. Effects of extreme maximum temperatures rose to 40% at the end of the 21st century, compared with the baseline. Adaptation resulted in an overall reduction in extreme Tmax damages in all locations, with the exception of Granada, where losses were limited to 8%.JRC.H.7-Climate Risk Managemen

Xq28 duplications including MECP2 in five females: Expanding the phenotype to severe mental retardation

Duplications leading to functional disomy of chromosome Xq28, including MECP2 as the critical dosage-sensitive gene, are associated with a distinct clinical phenotype in males, characterized by severe mental retardation, infantile hypotonia, progressive neurologic impairment, recurrent infections, bladder dysfunction, and absent speech

Making science more effective for agriculture

The challenges facing global agriculture via population increase, climate change anddietary choices are unprecedented and urgent. In the context of declining publicfunding for research and development in agriculture (ag R&D), we highlight the histor-ically high returns on such investments and outline an economic rationale to continuegovernment involvement through support and policy ag R&D. Next, we illustrate thesubstantive agricultural impact of science and technology, and reveal cases where over-simplification, reductionism and lack of rigor compromise returns on investment.Ex situconservation of genetic resources, organic agriculture, soil health and the water foot-print illustrate issues that need attention because they feature flaws in importantaspects of agricultural theory or practice with implications for policy and investment.We conclude with high-level propositions for improved allocation of ag R&D resources.Victor Sadras, Julian Alston, Pedro Aphalo, David Connor, R. Ford Denison, Tony Fischer, Richard Gray, Peter Hayman, John Kirkegaard, Holger Kirchmann, Martin Kropff, H. Renee Lafitte, Peter Langridge, Jill Lenne, M. Inés Mínguez, John Passioura, John R. Porter, Tim Reeves, Daniel Rodriguez, Megan Ryan, Francisco J. Villalobos, David Woo

Cereal yield gaps across Europe

Europe accounts for around 20% of the global cereal production and is a net exporter of ca. 15% of that production. Increasing global demand for cereals justifies questions as to where and by how much Europe's production can be increased to meet future global market demands, and how much additional nitrogen (N) crops would require. The latter is important as environmental concern and legislation are equally important as production aims in Europe. Here, we used a country-by-country, bottom-up approach to establish statistical estimates of actual grain yield, and compare these to modelled estimates of potential yields for either irrigated or rainfed conditions. In this way, we identified the yield gaps and the opportunities for increased cereal production for wheat, barley and maize, which represent 90% of the cereals grown in Europe. The combined mean annual yield gap of wheat, barley, maize was 239 Mt, or 42% of the yield potential. The national yield gaps ranged between 10 and 70%, with small gaps in many north-western European countries, and large gaps in eastern and south-western Europe. Yield gaps for rainfed and irrigated maize were consistently lower than those of wheat and barley. If the yield gaps of maize, wheat and barley would be reduced from 42% to 20% of potential yields, this would increase annual cereal production by 128 Mt (39%). Potential for higher cereal production exists predominantly in Eastern Europe, and half of Europe's potential increase is located in Ukraine, Romania and Poland. Unlocking the identified potential for production growth requires a substantial increase of the crop N uptake of 4.8 Mt. Across Europe, the average N uptake gaps, to achieve 80% of the yield potential, were 87, 77 and 43 kg N ha−1 for wheat, barley and maize, respectively. Emphasis on increasing the N use efficiency is necessary to minimize the need for additional N inputs. Whether yield gap reduction is desirable and feasible is a matter of balancing Europe's role in global food security, farm economic objectives and environmental targets. © 2018 The Author