Aceites de oliva virgen extra etiquetados como suplemento alimenticio; compuestos fenólicos en aceites de aceitunas autóctonas croatas

Within the framework of an incentive to provide labeled extra virgin olive oils as a food supplement in pharmacies, the phenolic profile analysis of extra virgin olive oils obtained from Croatian olive cultivars has been reported. With the aim of increasing the consumption of EVOO-s in northern Croatia, the varieties Bjelica, Buža and Italian Leccino have been studied involving two different agroclimatic locations, over two harvest years differing significantly in the amount of rainfall. The Croatian cultivars Plominka, Žižolera, Oblica and Lastovka, were also examined. Correlation tests and the insight from PCA reveal that the cultivars are highly individualized in character with regard to relationships among phenolic compounds. Some elements of an innovative labeling aimed to better present the authenticity, quality, excellence and uniqueness of the EVOO-s were suggested.En el marco de los incentivos que se han considerado para proporcionar el etiquetado de aceites de oliva virgen extra como suplemento alimenticio en farmacias, se reporta el análisis del perfil fenólico de aceites de oliva vírgenes extra obtenidos a partir de variedades croatas. Para ampliar el consumo de AOVE-s en el norte de Croacia, se han estudiado las variedades Bjelica, Buža y Leccino italiana procedentes de dos lugares agroclimáticos diferentes que difieren significativamente en la cantidad de lluvia y obtenidos en dos cosechas. Tambien fueron examinados los cultivares croatas Plominka, Žižolera, Oblica y Lastovka. Los test de correlación y los resultados de PCA revelan que las variedades están altamente individualizados en su carácter en lo que respecta a las relaciones entre los compuestos fenólicos. Se sugirieron algunos elementos innovadores para un etiquetado dirigido a presentar mejor la autenticidad, la calidad, la excelencia y la singularidad de los AOVE-s

NSM (PRIRODNI SEMANTIČKI METAJEZIK) UNUTAR OKVIRA KOGNITIVNE LINGVISTIKE: KAKO PREMOSTITI RAZLIKE

Ever since the Chomskyan views revolutionised the scientific study of language, we have been expecting to see groundbreaking results relative to the workings of the human language faculty. Unfortunately for the discipline, this has not been the case. This paper is structured around one one-word question: why? Departing from some general considerations about cognitive linguistics, and some specific considerations about the Natural Semantic Metalanguage (NSM), this paper attempts to: a. establish the common ground(s) shared by most approaches currently being developed within the cognitive linguistic paradigm; b. posit some key arguments supporting the thesis that semantic and conceptual universals should corroborate most if not all theses relative to linguistic conceptualisation; c. try and bridge some gaps between a number of conceptual theories of language, arguing that quite a few divergences between frameworks and interpretations are due to opacity of criteria, methodologies and even just terminology; d. suggest that NSM has much to offer to linguistics in terms of solving the above problems. It is argued that a more tightly knit paradigm would allow for a more efficient interpretation of data stemming from research in cognitive linguistics, and which is, as shown in the paper, already yielding quite a few consistent patterns.Otkada su postavke Noama Chomskog revolucionirale znanstveno istraživanje jezika, u iščekivanju smo otkrića i zaključaka koji bi rezultirali iz mentalističkog pristupa jeziku, odnosno odgovora koja bi konačno pojasnili funkcioniranje ljudske jezične sposobnosti. Na žalost, to se još nije dogodilo. Središnje pitanje ovog rada jest: zašto tog odgovora još nema? U članku se najprije osvrćemo na neke osnovne i opće postavke paradigme kognitivne lingvistike, a zatim i na konkretne postavke pristupa semantičkoj analizi koji je poznat kao NSM (Natural Semantic Metalanguage odnosno prirodni semantički metajezik). Cilj je utvrditi koje su postavke zajedničke NSM-u i ostalim pristupima (paradigmama) koje teoretičari širom svijeta trenutno razvijaju unutar općeg okvira poznatog pod nazivom kognitivna lingvistika. Dvije su osnovne teze zastupane u članku: a) ideja semantičkih univerzalija kakvu razvijaju teoretičari NSM-a može doprinijeti boljoj povezanosti i boljem razvoju čitave grane kognitivne lingvistike, b) upravo je problem pretjerane proliferacije i netransparentnosti između pojedinih paradigmi s kognitivno lingvističkim predznakom, jedan od osnovnih razloga koji su doveli do usporavanja razvoja kognitivnog pristupa istraživanju jezika odnosno ljudske jezične sposobnosti

Nonnutritive sweetener consumption in humans: effects on appetite and food intake and their putative mechanisms123

Nonnutritive sweeteners (NNS) are ecologically novel chemosensory signaling compounds that influence ingestive processes and behavior. Only about 15% of the US population aged >2 y ingest NNS, but the incidence is increasing. These sweeteners have the potential to moderate sugar and energy intakes while maintaining diet palatability, but their use has increased in concert with BMI in the population. This association may be coincidental or causal, and either mode of directionality is plausible. A critical review of the literature suggests that the addition of NNS to non-energy-yielding products may heighten appetite, but this is not observed under the more common condition in which NNS is ingested in conjunction with other energy sources. Substitution of NNS for a nutritive sweetener generally elicits incomplete energy compensation, but evidence of long-term efficacy for weight management is not available. The addition of NNS to diets poses no benefit for weight loss or reduced weight gain without energy restriction. There are long-standing and recent concerns that inclusion of NNS in the diet promotes energy intake and contributes to obesity. Most of the purported mechanisms by which this occurs are not supported by the available evidence, although some warrant further consideration. Resolution of this important issue will require long-term randomized controlled trials