Meminimalkan rangkaian penyambungan dengan metode penyerhanaan langsung dan peta karnaugh

Skripsi ini membahas tentang oara menyederhanakan rangkaian penyambungan dengan metode Penyederhanaan Langsung dan metode Peta Karnaugh. Peta Karnaugh terdiri atas beberapa kotak yang berbentuk bujursangkar yang berisi nilai-nilai logika dari variabel masukan. Jumlah kotak,pada peta Karnaugh akan sama banyaknya dengan jumlah koMbinasi yang dibentuk oleh variabel masukan yang mengikuti rumus : n t=o ! 1.01 -i)! n = banyaknya variabel masukan Penyederhanaan pets Karnaugh dengan oara mengelompokkan suatu sel yang berdekatan di dalam kotak-kotak •eta Karnaugh sehingga membentuk implikan utama. Dari implikan utama yang telah ada kemudian dicari implikan utama pentingnya. Implikan utama panting yang mencakup eemua unaur fungsi tersebut merupakan bentuk penyederhanaan yang minimal. Sedangkan metode Penyederhanaan Langsung adalah menoari bentuk minimal yang didapat' dart penyederhanaan , 1 fungsi mula-mula. vii

Managing the cash and liquidity of the Croatian budget

The principal proposition this paper will endeavour to maintain is that the liquidity of the budget is not fully managed by the Ministry of Finance, which is why it is unable, in collaboration with the Croatian National Bank, to rein in and slow down the growth in short-term public debt. Only since 2001, thanks to institutional improvements, have the conditions been created in the Ministry of Finance for cash and liquidity management. Thus payments operations, previously in the hands of a government institution, were taken over by the banks; the financial operations of budgetary spending agencies were channelled via the Single Account of the Treasury; and government deposits were gradually transferred from numerous commercial banks to the Single Account of the Treasury in the Croatian National Bank and the state-owned Croatian Postal Bank. Unfortunately, however, the Ministry of Finance, in collaboration with the Croatian National Bank, still carries out no operation of cash and liquidity management within the government Treasury system, nor does it operate on the money market with its surplus budgetary resources. Because of this state of affairs, management of the cash and liquidity of the central government budget is within the purview of the commercial banks.Single Account of the Treasury, payments operations, management of cash and liquidity, commercial banks

Public investments in Croatia

This Occasional Paper occurred as the byproduct of preparations for writing the report by Geoff Dixon, Katarina Ott and Jean-Jacques Dethier “Capital Expenditure by the Government in Croatia: Fiscal Accounts, Budgetary Institutions and Budgeting Process”, The World Bank, Europe and Central Asia Region, Poverty Reduction and Economic Management Unit, June 1998. The authors, Katarina Ott and Anto Bajo (Institute of Public Finance) first published the text in Croatian in the Institute’s journal “Financijska praksa” Volume 23, Number 1, (March 1999). This Occasional Paper is the English language translation of the article published in “Financijska praksa”

Public Investments in Croatia

The purpose of this paper is to analyze public investment or capital expenditures in the Republic of Croatia. The paper begins with an overview of public sector statistics regarding capital investment financing. One of the most difficult tasks was to adapt the idiosyncratic reporting method of Croatian public sector statistics to more usual public expenditure conventions. After an attempt at statistical systematization in line with conventional procedures, and analysis of the results obtained, the paper tries to point to the problems that arise during the preparation and execution of the budget. These problems are connected with existing participants in the budget process: local governments, public enterprises, extra-budgetary funds, government agencies, the payments clearing agency, the government auditing agency, and the (non)existent government treasury. The paper offers some suggestions for improvements in the capital investment financing process. These relate to the improvement of public sector statistics; the establishment of the government treasury; the reevaluation of the roles of the payments clearing agency, the other government agencies and the public enterprises; problems of local government financing, of the allocation of funds through the Croatian Bank for Reconstruction and Development, of development vs. reconstruction financing, of government auditing, of government guarantees, and of the necessity of foreign sources of financing. The paper especially emphasizes the fact that no cost benefit analysis and no transparent bidding for and evaluation of budget project procedures are involved. Further research should contribute to the solution of the problems identified.public investment, Europe, public expenditures

Government guarantees and public debt in Croatia

Government financial and performance guarantees have been issued in Croatia since 1996, to support funding and ensure favourable borrowing conditions in the financial market for companies in majority state ownership. However, government guarantees have rarely been part of defined strategies and goals of public debt and risk management. Despite their steady growth, the structure of active guarantees and their influence on Croatian public debt are still unknown. This paper analyses the amount and structure of state guarantees, their maturities and the authority and accountability for their management, and it compares the structure of guarantees in terms of economic sectors. The main objective of the paper is to determine the influence of government guarantees on the public debt growth.government guarantees, maturity, management, public debt, Croatia

Assessments of the Effectiveness of the Croatian Fiscal Equalisation Model

No detailed analysis of the fiscal and economic inequalities of local units (at the municipality and city level) in Croatia has ever been published. The Government and the Finance Ministry have endeavoured by tax sharing, allocations of current grants and personal income tax refunds to palliate the differences in the fiscal capacities of local units. However, at the same time the fiscal capacities have not been properly calculated, because during the definition of the criteria for horizontal fiscal equalisation no care has been paid to the economic inequalities nor has there been proper establishment of the way local units belong to a special financing system. The paper, then, tests out the hypothesis that the existing Croatian model of horizontal fiscal equalisation is ineffective, for the Government and the Finance Ministry do not, with their poorly targeted financial instruments (personal income tax sharing, current grants and personal income tax refunds), manage to bring about palliation of the differences among the fiscal capacities of the local units, on the contrary, they tend to increase them.fiscal equalisation, tax sharing, personal income tax, personal income, tax refund, fiscal capacity, Croatia

Strategies of Mobile Virtual Network Operators in the Southeast Europe Region

MVNOs (Mobile Virtual Network Operators) are companies that function as mobile operators but do not have their own frequency spectrum allocation or the necessary network infrastructure. Those companies make business arrangements with one or more licensed Mobile Network Operators (MNOs) by leasing from them the access to mobile network and capacities. Such business concept enables the MVNOs to participate in the mobile communications market, thus extending the value chain and providing innovative mobile communication services specifically adapted to target segments. MVNOs have significant share on the mobile market in Europe and make influence on customers of mobile services in the meaning of change a telecom company and develop the new competitive strategies. The aim of this paper is to evaluate and predict the growth strategies of the MVNOs into the South-eastern Europe markets (SEE). Findings of comparative analysis have based on the research of secondary sources, practice of EU countries with licensed MNOs and MVNOs and on our expert opinion. Findings indicate that MVNOs which are financially strong have used service development strategy on the present market, while companies which operate in mobile telephony as a core business have chosen market development strategy. Strategy of diversification is the most applicable for companies which have a background and its core business within fixed and Internet and have added mobile telephony services to its portfolio. Strategy of expansion on the present market in combined with present services is not frequent on MVNO market. As an alternative growth strategy, MVNOs in SEE countries will apply a diversification strategy that implies parallel development of new services and new markets with the aim of expansion. The major motive for applying the diversification strategy can be a relatively small existing customer base and a new market entry. Appearance of MVNOs on the SEE market will be in form of partnership strategy with existing MNO as a form of international contracting cooperation. Pan-European global MVNO will change the industry of mobile market which will be driven by market forces, technological evolution and it will present an example of creative process destruction.MVNO, growth strategies, entry strategies, foreign market, mobile communications

Secure High DER Penetration Power Distribution Via Autonomously Coordinated Volt/VAR Control

Traditionally voltage control in distribution power system (DPS) is performed through voltage regulating devices (VRDs) including on load tap changers (OLTCs), step voltage regulators (SVRs), and switched capacitor banks (SCBs). The recent IEEE 1547-2018 from March 2018 requires inverter fed distributed energy resources (DERs) to contribute reactive power to support the grid voltage. To accommodate VAR from DERs, well-organized control algorithm is required to use in this mode to avoid grid oscillations and unintended switching operations of VRDs. This paper presents two voltage control strategies (i) static voltage control considering voltage-reactive power mode (IEEE 1547-2018), (ii) dynamic and extensive voltage control with maximum utilization of DER capacity and system stability. Further, effective time-graded control is implemented between VRDs and DER units to reduce the simultaneous and negative operation. The proposed voltage control strategies are tested in a realistic 140-bus southern California distribution power system through extensive time-domain simulation studies. The results show that voltage quality in a distribution system is effectively achieved through the proposed voltage control strategies with a significantly reduction in the number of switching operations of VRDs. In addition, proposed voltage control strategies increase reliability and security of the DPS during unexpected failures