Increasing tropical cyclone intensity and potential intensity in the subtropical Atlantic around Bermuda from an ocean heat content perspective 1955- 2019

We investigate tropical cyclone (TC) activity and intensity within a 100km radius of Bermuda between 1955 and 2019. The results show a more easterly genesis over time and significant increasing trends in tropical cyclone intensity (maximum wind speed (Vmax)) with a decadal Vmax median value increase of 30kts from 33 to 63kts (r=0.94, p=0.02), together with significant increasing August, September, October (ASO) sea surface temperature (SST) of 1.1°C (0.17°C per decade) r= 0.4 (p<0.01) and increasing average ocean temperature between 0.5–0.7°C (0.08-0.1°C per decade) r=0.3(p<0.01) in the depth range 0-300m. The strongest correlation is found between TC intensity and ocean temperature averaged through the top 50m ocean layer (T50m ) r=0.37 (p<0.01). We show how tropical cyclone potential intensity estimates are closer to actual intensity by using T50m as opposed to SST using the Bermuda Atlantic Timeseries Hydrostation S dataset. We modify the widely used sea surface temperature potential intensity index by using T50m to provide a closer estimate of the observed minimum sea level pressure (MSLP), and associated Vmax than by using SST, creating a T50m potential intensity (T50m_PI) index. The average MSLP difference is reduced by 12mb and proportional (r=0.74, p<0.01) to the SST/(T50m ) temperature difference. We also suggest the index could be used over a wider area of the subtropical/tropical Atlantic where there is a shallow mixed layer depth

The Vital Role of Social Workers in Community Partnerships: The Alliance for Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual, Transgender and Questioning Youth

The account of The Alliance for Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual, Transgender, and Questioning (GLBTQ) Youth formation offers a model for developing com- munity-based partnerships. Based in a major urban area, this university-community collaboration was spearheaded by social workers who were responsible for its original conceptualization, for generating community support, and for eventual staffing, administration, direct service provision, and program evaluation design. This article presents the strategic development and evolution of this community- based service partnership, highlighting the roles of schools of social work, academics, and social work students in concert with community funders, practitioners and youth, in responding to the needs of a vulnerable population

A multidecadal simulation of Atlantic tropical cyclones using a variable‐resolution global atmospheric general circulation model

Using a variable‐resolution option within the National Center for Atmospheric Research/Department of Energy Community Atmosphere Model (CAM) Spectral Element (SE) global model, a refined nest at 0.25° (∼28 km) horizontal resolution located over the North Atlantic is embedded within a global 1° (∼111 km) grid. The grid is designed such that fine grid cells are located where tropical cyclones (TCs) are observed to occur during the Atlantic TC season (June–November). Two simulations are compared, one with refinement and one control case with no refinement (globally uniform 1° grid). Both simulations are integrated for 23 years using Atmospheric Model Intercomparison Protocols. TCs are tracked using an objective detection algorithm. The variable‐resolution simulation produces significantly more TCs than the unrefined simulation. Storms that do form in the refined nest are much more intense, with multiple storms strengthening to Saffir‐Simpson category 3 intensity or higher. Both count and spatial distribution of TC genesis and tracks in the variable‐resolution simulation are well matched to observations and represent significant improvements over the unrefined simulation. Some degree of interannual skill is noted, with the variable‐resolution grid able to reproduce the observed connection between Atlantic TCs and the El Niño‐Southern Oscillation (ENSO). It is shown that Genesis Potential Index (GPI) is well matched between the refined and unrefined simulations, implying that the introduction of variable‐resolution does not affect the synoptic environment. Potential “upscale” effects are noted in the variable‐resolution simulation, suggesting stronger TCs in refined nests may play a role in meridional transport of momentum, heat, and moisture. Key Points Variable‐resolution models can improve the representation of tropical cyclones CAM produces realistic Atlantic TC climatology at 0.25° resolution Addition of local refinement in CAM does not impact synoptic scalesPeer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/109331/1/jame20104.pd

Revisiting Play: Assisting Primary English Learners

The U. S. K-12 system today has been confronted with the challenge of educating its ever-increasing population of English Learners (ELs) on academic content while teaching a new language. While the challenge has always been to have all students reading at grade-level by the third grade, today, this challenge has been complicated by the large population of ELs needing to first acquire their second language (L2), in this case, the English language. While current research varies regarding the time required, it is evident that significant time would be necessary to do so. This research explored the impact of an early intervention program in a supportive environment, with opportunities for learning through play as well as the acknowledgement of and consideration for sociocultural influences that affect learning. The main research questions that were investigated were: 1) How does the environment of "play" influence behaviors, academic language and learning?, 2) What are the parents' and teachers' perceptions about child-centered instructional approaches and how they influence academic achievement for English Learners (ELs) in the primary grades?, and 3) What are the parents' and teachers' perspectives of the factors (parents, community, and school factors) affecting student learning in the environment of play? With an instrumental, single-case, case study design, the study used program documents, teacher and parent interviews, and focus groups to provide an intensive description of the bounded social phenomena found among students of a kindergarten program, and later, an analysis of the same.Ed.D., Educational Leadership and Management -- Drexel University, 201

Bermuda subtropical storms

This investigation focuses on North Atlantic subtropical cyclones which tracked within 100 nautical miles (185 km) of Bermuda from 1957 to 2005, identified through subtropical structural characteristics distinguished using Cyclone Phase Space, from the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts 45-year reanalyses. The study assesses the characteristics of these hybrid storms that affect the Island, in order to aid the local forecaster. Reanalysis charts, surface analyses, local observations, HURDAT tracks, and satellite pictures, where available, were examined. This data shows that subtropical cyclones affecting Bermuda usually form in close proximity, to the south-southwest, over water of an average of 26 °C, under moderate vertical wind shear, with an upper trough lying to the west-north-west. They then move in a north-northeastward direction, intensifying quickly, but not often reaching a peak intensity of more than 26 m s−1. They generally have their beginnings along old baroclinic zones. September is the peak month of occurrence. A direct hit by a severe subtropical cyclone, producing locally observed winds of over 26 m s−1, appears to be a rare event. However, these storms are certainly a threat to the Island, particularly due to their lack of predictability, and conditions conducive to an incipient subtropical cyclone with potential to affect the Island should always be closely monitored

Climatic controls on water vapor deuterium excess in the marine boundary layer of the North Atlantic based on 500 days of in situ, continuous measurements

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