Clash of pans: pan-Africanism and pan-Anglo-Saxonism and the global colour line, 1919–1945

The article demonstrates both conceptually and empirically that pan-Anglo-Saxonist knowledge networks reconstructed and reimagined an apparently de-racialised, scientific, sober and liberal world order that outwardly abandoned, but did not eradicate the twin phenomena of racism and imperialism. Rather the new liberal (imperial) internationalists, organised in newly formed “think tanks” such as Chatham House and the Council on Foreign Relations, and through their increasingly global elite networks, mounted a top-down battle for minds at home and in the wider world. Operating in state-private elite networks, they drove the movement to manage change and develop a new liberal world order particularly to contain pan-Africanists who combatted the domination and exploitation of Africans worldwide. More broadly, we indicate that the pragmatic response to the extremes of Nazi ideology and a countering movement from the cadres of Asian, African and African American intellectuals, anti-colonial and anti-racist struggles within the national and global context, forced the Anglo-centric elites to promote change, albeit limited

420,000 year assessment of fault leakage rates shows geological carbon storage is secure

Carbon capture and storage (CCS) technology is routinely cited as a cost effective tool for climate change mitigation. CCS can directly reduce industrial CO2 emissions and is essential for the retention of CO2 extracted from the atmosphere. To be effective as a climate change mitigation tool, CO2 must be securely retained for 10,000 years (10 ka) with a leakage rate of below 0.01% per year of the total amount of CO2 injected. Migration of CO2 back to the atmosphere via leakage through geological faults is a potential high impact risk to CO2 storage integrity. Here, we calculate for the first time natural leakage rates from a 420 ka paleo-record of CO2 leakage above a naturally occurring, faulted, CO2 reservoir in Arizona, USA. Surface travertine (CaCO3) deposits provide evidence of vertical CO2 leakage linked to known faults. U-Th dating of travertine deposits shows leakage varies along a single fault and that individual seeps have lifespans of up to 200 ka. Whilst the total volumes of CO2 required to form the travertine deposits are high, time-averaged leakage equates to a linear rate of less than 0.01%/yr. Hence, even this natural geological storage site, which would be deemed to be of too high risk to be selected for engineered geologic storage, is adequate to store CO2 for climate mitigation purposes

The Road to Recovery. Adult Survivors of Adverse Childhood Experiences. Purpose and Meaning for Skills-Based Intervention

The purpose of this report is to examine the importance of relationships and environments and the significance of skills-based intervention on adult survivors of adverse childhood experiences (ACEs).Running head: ADULT SURVIVORS OF ACES. SKILLS-BASED INTERVENTION 1 The Road to Recovery. Adult Survivors of Adverse Childhood Experiences. Purpose and Meaning for Skills-Based Intervention Mary C. Dockrill Major: Social Sciences [email protected] UMGC Social Science Essay Contest March 19, 2021ADULT SURVIVORS OF ACES. SKILLS-BASED INTERVENTION 2 Abstract Keywords: Adverse childhood experiences, ACEs, Emotional Regulation, Skills-based interventionADULT SURVIVORS OF ACES. SKILLS-BASED INTERVENTION 3 The Road to Recovery. Adult Survivors of Adverse Childhood Experiences. Purpose and Meaning for Skills-Based Intervention Healthy relationships and environments in a person's younger years give people what they need to stay connected and mentally strong throughout a lifetime, but what if healthy relationships were taken away or never received during childhood? Then a sense of belonging is never established. This paper will review how stunted brain development and maladaptive coping strategies due to the negative experiences that occur during childhood disrupt individuals' emotional balance and interfere with their quality of life. Abuse, neglect, and household dysfunction all play a role in adverse childhood experiences (ACEs). ACEs are linked to social, cognitive, and emotional deficiencies. Many children raised in complex maladaptive environments grow up to develop emotional regulation issues. Inadequate emotional regulation leads to intensified expressive responses. A dysregulation of emotional reactions, particularly with individuals with a history of childhood trauma, can disrupt relationships and daily functioning. Emotionally exaggerated responses displayed in eruptions of anger, passive-aggressive behaviors, and various other adverse reactions create conflict in the person's life and lead to isolation, depression, and anxiety. This report delivers a contextualist investigation of reflection in a skills-based intervention (SBI) for ACE survivors and their path to recovery. Using the multidisciplinary and interdisciplinary approach in psychology, psychiatry, sociology, and adopting a psychosocial method, this study will attempt to uncover the impact ACEs have on individuals and ways skill-based intervention can effectively reduce emotional imbalance and increase psychosocial functioning. This research essay will prove that adult patients who have endured ACE's can ADULT SURVIVORS OF ACES. SKILLS-BASED INTERVENTION 4 restore emotional balance and live healthy, productive, and emotionally-balanced lives if given trauma-informed care paired with skills-based intervention. Analysis of Literature Adverse Childhood Experiences The Early Years-Developmental Impact A person's ability to learn and succeed in life is contingent on the quality of experiences in the first years of an individual's life. The way children perceive the world, their way of thinking, and their environmental impact behaviors. According to an article in Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging (2016), prolonged periods of stress significantly disrupt the growth of a child's brain construction, producing impairment in areas of physical, emotional, and mental health. If unaddressed, the report states that posttraumatic stress, such as ACEs, can have a lifelong impact on physical, cognitive, and neurological deficits (Ahmed-Leitao, Spies, van den Heuvel, & Seedat, 2016). According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the initial years of a child's life are crucial for future health and development (2021). The CDC states that many factors are involved in how well a brain develops. Influences such as supporting and thoughtful attentiveness for a child's body and mind are essential to encouraging healthy brain development (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2021). Brain development is shaped through positive or negative experiences. Early life stresses such as ACEs cause neurobiological changes. As previously mentioned, developmental studies have established that stress early in life prompts dysfunction in the brain and extended changes in the amygdala, resulting in behavioral effects. Part of the amygdala's function is emotion recognition, a critical role linked to social interaction and ADULT SURVIVORS OF ACES. SKILLS-BASED INTERVENTION 5 communication. A substantial body of literature details the impact of trauma exposure and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)- adverse childhood experiences- on brain morphology. The authors mentioned above state that childhood abuse or maltreatment is associated with long-term adverse health outcomes through emotional, behavioral, cognitive, and social pathways (Ahmed-Leitao, Spies, van den Heuvel, & Seedat, 2016). Influences of trauma experienced early in life and childhood abuse and neglect can affect the brain's growth and performance. The social consequences of those mind alterations impact the general behaviors and relational complications later in life. Symptoms and deficiencies Adverse experiences that occur during childhood disrupt the emotional balance and interfere with individuals' quality of life. ACEs changes a person's outlook on the world. Following physical abuse, child sexual abuse (CSA) increases the risk of psychiatric disorders in adulthood (Ahmed-Leitao, Spies, van den Heuvel, & Seedat, 2016). According to the authors of this study, sexual abuse has long- and short-term damaging effects. The authors state that sexual abuse between the ages of 3 and 5 is significantly associated with the impact of impaired brain development in the hippocampal region and increases PTSD severity later in life. Adult patients who have PTSD are typically unaware of early sexual abuse factors and the correlation contributing to a greater PTSD symptom severity. The authors claim symptoms associated with greater severity are sociodemographic factors like lower levels of education, avoidance coping, and trauma influences. Recovery is contingent on support. The increase or decrease in symptom severity is founded in people's network in that person's life and affect the emotional regulatory responses. (Ahmed-Leitao, Spies, van den Heuvel, & Seedat, 2016). Emotional imbalances due to adverse experiences without proper support promote maladaptive coping practices.ADULT SURVIVORS OF ACES. SKILLS-BASED INTERVENTION 6 Maladaptive Coping Strategies Stress is a part of everyday life and is normal. The way individuals cope can vary among personalities. Traumatic events can lead to maladaptive ways of dealing with life. There are good ways of coping with stress, and there are not so good ways. Authors Bangasser and Valentino report that while stress responses typically start normal, continual exposure to stress, like adverse childhood experiences, becomes a maladaptive response over an extended period (Bangasser & Valentino, 2014). When a person's outlook is skewed due to ACEs or other adverse events, they typically feel powerless. The individual looks for a way out. Unfortunately, the disruption of emotional balance in a person's life has the individual turn to maladaptive coping. While healthy adaptive coping strategies increase individuals functioning, maladaptive coping strategies decrease a person's functioning. Healthy coping strategies include getting the right amount of sleep, exercising, mediation, writing, and having a supportive network of friends. On the other hand, Maladaptive coping strategies involve behavior choices that could make matters worse, such as avoidance behaviors like using drugs, food, or alcohol or socially withdrawing. Maladaptive strategies like substance abuse evade the problem and mask the symptoms and never deal with the actual issue, leading to depression, anxiety, and isolation. Skill-based Intervention Programs Purpose and Meaning Individuals who have been through trauma need support. People who have experienced trauma in their childhood have difficulty adapting and monitoring their emotions and dealing with decision-making when enduring the stresses of life. Adults with a history of ACEs need programs to assist with psychosocial concerns of emotional well-being. While there has been a ADULT SURVIVORS OF ACES. SKILLS-BASED INTERVENTION 7 wide range of research associated with ACEs and prevention initiatives, according to authors Cameron, Carroll, and Hamilton (2018), there have been fewer efforts focusing on program development to assist adults with a history of ACEs. The authors' state programs such as training for emotional regulation skills for managing the enduring impact of childhood trauma and existing life stressors are promising to diminish ACEs' consequences. The effects of programs that taught emotional regulation aids were tested in the second phase of a trial to evaluate a designed intervention's psychosocial and health outcomes to improve emotional regulation skills in adults who suffered from Adverse Childhood Experiences (Cameron, Carroll, & Hamilton, 2018). The researchers discovered that specific intervention programs could offset the psychosocial and related well-being effects. Method Design Community-based program The study mentioned above used a pretest-posttest design with 92 adults enlisted in a community-based program fulfilled pre-test assessments. The adults attended a faith-based or nonspiritual version of a 12-week ACE Overcomers program. Community residents were recruited to participate in the program. Residents represented a sample population of diverse age, ethnicity, marital status, employment status, and moderate to high scores on ACE assessments. After the program was complete, post-tests were given for measurements. Both versions of the program produced equivalent improvements in an overall sense of well-being. According to the authors, this research represents a promising step in the translational research pathway into further studies using comparison groups (Cameron, Carroll, & Hamilton, 2018). Mindfulness-based interventionADULT SURVIVORS OF ACES. SKILLS-BASED INTERVENTION 8 Another study published in Behavioural Brain Research (2021) examined variability in individuals and influences on the brain's responses. Specifically, changes in the amygdala were studied for verification of positive correlations between participants in mindful-based groups. The study examined the possibility that mindfulness intervention helped with psychological symptoms of depression, anxiety, and PTSD with adults who experienced maltreatment in their childhood (Joss, Khan, Lazar, & Teicher, 2021). Sponsors and collaborators approved this pilot study at Massachusetts General Hospital and Mclean Hospital in Massachusetts were responsible for the safety and validity of the research (Lazar, 2018). According to Lazar, the experiment was performed on sixty subjects with childhood adverse experiences. Half of the subjects were in an 8-week mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) intervention group, and the other half were put on a waitlist (control group) and received the MBSR after the waiting period. The mindful based intervention program encompassed issues of mindfulness and awareness, view and viewpoints, being present, responding versus reacting to pressure, stress coping tactics, dealing with complicated emotions, managing challenging interactions, and using mindfulness in daily living (Joss, Khan, Lazar, & Teicher, 2021). The pilot study's goal was to identify possible improvements in the brain's hippocampal region after the 8-week mindful-based intervention to reduce symptoms. Lazar (2018) described the administration of self-report questionnaires before and after the intervention to establish if there were changes in hippocampal volumes, perceived stress, depression, and anxiety (Lazar, 2018). According to the researchers, in this pilot study on young adults with childhood maltreatment, behavioral results were seen in the lowered emotional reaction threshold for an emotional response (Joss, Khan, Lazar, & Teicher, 2021). The analysis claimed that mindfulness ADULT SURVIVORS OF ACES. SKILLS-BASED INTERVENTION 9 intervention found results "suggesting that amygdala plasticity in adult humans is possible under proper conditions." (Joss, Khan, Lazar, & Teicher, 2021, p. 9). The researchers also maintained the young adults in the experiment experienced improved emotional responses in areas associated with self-compassion, stress reduction, and various psychological symptoms, including depression, anxiety, and PTSD, when mindfulness-based interventions were conducted. Findings This literature review uncovered that a person's negative experiences in their early years have a lifetime of ramifications. Based on the multidisciplinary investigation, the discovery of toxic stress offered insights into ACEs' link and later impairments in an individual's emotional regulation and overall well-being. The study found the developing brain needs a healthy and nurturing environment. In addition to a healthy environment, children need to have secure attachments to learn emotional regulation competencies that can be used later in life. Competencies learned such as positive social skills such as social awareness, sufficient assertiveness, and flexibility in interpersonal beliefs and behaviors. With appropriate skills-based interventions, survivors are encouraged to stop thinking about themselves as having something wrong with them instead of questioning what happened. Research has uncovered that it is crucial to empower survivors and help them recognize and understand the impact of their childhood trauma. Studies found that effective interventions will help identify and assess an individual needs, nurture resiliency and teach effective coping skills.ADULT SURVIVORS OF ACES. SKILLS-BASED INTERVENTION 10 Research strengths and limitations Strengths in Phase II ACE Overcomers Evaluation included a diverse community sample, a high degree of program integrity communicated by process evaluations, and evaluation for the program conducted by an independent research team, limiting concerns regarding bias response outcomes. Limitations highlighted were lack of comparison regarding pre-test post-test. There is still more to be explored in this area of research. Data is limited. More research needs to be performed regarding longitudinal and experimental design research to establish the connection ADULT SURVIVORS OF ACES. SKILLS-BASED INTERVENTION 11 between ACEs and the impact on emotional regulation issues and the need for skill-based interventions. Applied outcomes. When used effectively and purposefully, skills-based learning paired with a reflective examination and self-awareness techniques can facilitate effective recovery for ACEs in individuals. With specialized trauma-informed care (TIC) paired with interactive resources, relationships are formed, and trust is developed. Once trust is gained, an atmosphere is created, and practitioners can demonstrate skills-based learning with progressive outcomes. Social implications. Our ability to strengthen our society is based on knowledge and awareness of what affects individuals positively and negatively. This research has shown that toxicity in childhood has devastating effects on a child's brain development and consequences that extend into adulthood. The converging multidisciplinary investigation of social science and human development has provided a framework for a better understanding of ACEs' complexities. With this understanding, community leaders can make informed decisions on approaching this multi-faceted problem: an individual's burden and society's burden. It is up to our community leaders to take this knowledge and build healthier communities. ACE survivors need intervention. Community leaders can help facilitate programs to strengthen communities. With appropriate support in exploring thoughts and feelings for gained insights and capitalizing on self-awareness techniques, the healing process can be achieved, but it is not an easy process. ADULT SURVIVORS OF ACES. SKILLS-BASED INTERVENTION 12 This research proved there is still more to be learned and more that needs to be done in the community. A collaborative effort should be made with families and community leaders that bring parent education to the forefront to stop ACEs by teaching the importance of strong, trusting, committed families that will build healthier communities and help protect the future generation from ACEs' effects. Conclusions. Using the multidisciplinary and interdisciplinary approach in psychology, psychiatry, sociology, and adopting a psychosocial method, this study uncovered the impact ACEs have on individuals and ways skill-based intervention effectively reduces emotional imbalance and increases psychosocial functioning. This report symbolized community-based programs' influential role and examined the influence of skills-based intervention and the positive impact of emotional regulation and social integration. Skills, attitudes, and beliefs were changed, and an increase in self-awareness led to positive outcomes in people who experienced ACEs. This report's preliminary work shows that particular skills create adaptability in the social regulatory interpretation of ACEs' victims. After appropriate interventions, success was measured differently in ACE survivors. The individuals could use their learned skills to make connections socially, and subjects realized that their new skills were life-enhancing and were given to them to develop a better future than their past. ADULT SURVIVORS OF ACES. SKILLS-BASED INTERVENTION 13 References Ahmed-Leitao, F., Spies, G., van den Heuvel, L., & Seedat, S. (2016, October 30). Hippocampal and amygdala volumes in adults with posttraumatic stress disorder secondary to childhood abuse or maltreatment: A systematic review. Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging, 256, 33-43. Retrieved from https://www-sciencedirect-com.ezproxy.umgc.edu/science/article/pii/S0925492715301001 Bangasser, D., & Valentino, R. (2014, August). Sex differences in stress-related psychiatric disorders: Neurobiological perspectives. https://www-sciencedirect-com.ezproxy.umgc.edu/science/journal/00913022, 35(3), 303-319. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yfrne.2014.03.008 Cameron, L., Carroll, P., & Hamilton, K. (2018, May). Evaluation of an intervention promoting emotion regulation skills for adults with persisting distress due to adverse childhood experiences. Child Abuse & Neglect, 423-433. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2018.03.002 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2021). Child Development. Retrieved from Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: https://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/childdevelopment/early-brain-development.html Joss, D., Khan, A., Lazar, S., & Teicher, M. (2021, February 5). A pilot study on amygdala volumetric changes among young adults with childhood maltreatment histories after a mindfulness intervention. Behavioural Brain Research, 399. Lazar, S. (2018, April). Neural Changes Associated With a Mindfulness-based Intervention for Young Adults With Childhood Maltreatment. Retrieved 2021, from ClinicalTrials.gov: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02447744ADULT SURVIVORS OF ACES. SKILLS-BASED INTERVENTION 1

Sustainability and Resilience in Prehistoric North Atlantic Britain: The Importance of a Mixed Paleoeconomic System

Nohe two archipelagos of Orkney and Shetland, which form the Northern Isles of Britain, are an active focus of archaeological research. The rich Neolithic heritage of Orkney has been acknowledged by the granting of World Heritage status. Although set in both a biogeographically peripheral position and within what may be considered to be marginal landscapes, these North Atlantic islands have a large number of settlement sites with long occupational sequences, often stretching from the Neolithic to the Late Iron Age or into the Norse period. The mixed paleoeconomic strategy presented by three of these settlements—Tofts Ness, Sanday, Orkney (excavated 1985–1988); the Iron Age sequences at Old Scatness, Shetland (excavated 1995–2006); and Late Neolithic and Bronze Age cultivated middens from Jarlshof, Shetland (investigated in 2004)—provide the core of the evidence discussed within this paper (the radiocarbon chronologies for the key sequences from these three sites are provided as Appendix 1). The role of the prehistoric paleoeconomy is argued to be of central importance in the longevity of these settlements. In particular, barley production is evidenced on all three sites by the plant macrofossils and by the human investment in the creation and management of manured soils, providing an infield area around the settlement. This paper focuses on the identification of these anthropogenic soils in the archaeological record. The investment in and management of these arable soils provides clear evidence for resource creation on all three sites. It is argued that these soils were a crucial resource that was necessary to support intensive barley cultivation. The intensive management implied by the presence of these soils is seen as a catalyst for sedentary living and sustainability within a marginal landscape. The evidence also demonstrates the continuity of agricultural practice from the Neolithic to the Iron Age together with the social dynamics that such a practice generates. This paper is in two parts: the first section examines in detail the evidence for the presence of anthropogenic soils and the mixed economic strategies for the Neolithic and Early Bronze Age presented by the evidence from Tofts Ness and Jarlshof. The evidence for the continuity of this intensive strategy of soil management is seen from the later evidence of the Bronze Age and Early Iron Age at Tofts Ness and the Middle Iron Age evidence at Old Scatness. The second part of the paper examines the importance of these soils as an inherited resource within the Neolithic and Early Bronze Age paleoeconomic system. Two models are presented. The first examines the cyclic importance of human creation and maintenance of small arable plots to high barley production yields and therefore to site viability, and the effect this has within a mixed resource system in providing settlement viability through time. The second explores the theoretical land and seascape that would provide this mixed resource base

Power Over Time: An Overview of the Old Scatness Broch Excavations

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Viking settlement and Pictish estates: new evidence from Orkney and Shetland

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