625 research outputs found
Poisson noise removal in multivariate count data
International audienceThe Multi-scale Variance Stabilization Transform (MSVST) has recently been proposed for 2D Poisson data denoising.1 In this work, we present an extension of the MSVST with the wavelet transform to multivariate data-each pixel is vector-valued-, where the vector field dimension may be the wavelength, the energy, or the time. Such data can be viewed naively as 3D data where the third dimension may be time, wavelength or energy (e.g. hyperspectral imaging). But this naive analysis using a 3D MSVST would be awkward as the data dimensions have different physical meanings. A more appropriate approach would be to use a wavelet transform, where the time or energy scale is not connected to the spatial scale. We show that our multivalued extension of MSVST can be used advantageously for approximately Gaussianizing and stabilizing the variance of a sequence of independent Poisson random vectors. This approach is shown to be fast and very well adapted to extremely low-count situations. We use a hypothesis testing framework in the wavelet domain to denoise the Gaussianized and stabilized coefficients, and then apply an iterative reconstruction algorithm to recover the estimated vector field of intensities underlying the Poisson data. Our approach is illustrated for the detection and characterization of astrophysical sources of high-energy gamma rays, using realistic simulated observations. We show that the multivariate MSVST permits efficient estimation across the time/energy dimension and immediate recovery of spectral properties
Poisson Noise Removal in Spherical Multichannel Images: Application to Fermi data
Chapitre 10International audienceThe aim of this chapter is to present a multi-scale representation for spherical data with Poisson noise called Multi-Scale Variance Stabilizing Transform on the Sphere (MS-VSTS) [14], combining the MS-VST [25] with various multi-scale transforms on the sphere (wavelets and curvelets) [22, 2, 3]. Section 1.2 presents some multi-scale transforms on the sphere. Section 1.3 introduces a new multi-scale representation for data with Poisson noise called MS-VSTS. Section 1.4 applies this representation to Poisson noise removal on Fermi data. Section 1.5 presents applications to missing data interpolation and source extraction. Section 1.6 extends the method to multichannel data
A Large-scale CO Imaging of the Galactic Center. II. Dynamical Properties of Molecular Clouds
The data from the Nobeyama Radio Observatory 45 m telescope Galactic Center
CO survey have been analyzed to generate a compilation of molecular clouds with
intense CO emission in this region. Clouds are identified in an automated
manner throughout the main part of the survey data for all CO emission peaks
exceeding 10 K (). Correlations between the size, velocity dispersion,
virial mass, and the CO luminosity, for the molecular clouds in the Galactic
center were shown. We diagnosed gravitational stabilities of identified clouds
assuming that the disk clouds are nearly at the onset of gravitational
instability. Most of the clouds and cloud complexes in the Galactic center are
gravitationally stable, while some clouds with intense CO emission are
gravitationally unstable.Comment: 4 pages, 4 figures, to appear in the Proceedings of the 32nd COSPAR
Scientific Assembl
Multi-wavelength constraints on cosmic-ray leptons in the Galaxy
Cosmic rays (CRs) interact with the gas, the radiation field and the magnetic
field in the Milky Way, producing diffuse emission from radio to gamma rays.
Observations of this diffuse emission and comparison with detailed predictions
are powerful tools to unveil the CR properties and to study CR propagation. We
present various GALPROP CR propagation scenarios based on current CR
measurements. The predicted synchrotron emission is compared to radio surveys,
and synchrotron temperature maps from WMAP and Planck, while the predicted
interstellar gamma-ray emission is compared to Fermi-LAT observations. We show
how multi-wavelength observations of the Galactic diffuse emission can be used
to help constrain the CR lepton spectrum and propagation. Finally we discuss
how radio and microwave data could be used in understanding the diffuse
Galactic gamma-ray emission observed with Fermi-LAT, especially at low
energies.Comment: 8 pages, 5 figures; in Proceedings of the 34th International Cosmic
Ray Conference (ICRC 2015), The Hague (The Netherlands); Oral contributio
Application of a multidimensional wavelet denoising algorithm for the detection and characterization of astrophysical sources of gamma rays
International audienceZhang, Fadili, & Starck have recently developed a denoising procedure for Poisson data that offers advantages over other methods of intensity estimation in multiple dimensions. Their procedure, which is nonparametric, is based on thresholding wavelet coefficients. The restoration algorithm applied after thresholding provides good conservation of source flux. We present an investigation of the procedure of Zhang et al. for the detection and characterization of astrophysical sources of high-energy gamma rays, using realistic simulated observations with the Large Area Telescope (LAT). The LAT is to be launched in late 2007 on the Gamma-ray Large Area Space Telescope mission. Source detection in the LAT data is complicated by the low fluxes of point sources relative to the diffuse celestial background, the limited angular resolution, and the tremendous variation of that resolution with energy (from tens of degrees at 30 MeV to 0.1◦ at 10 GeV). The algorithm is very fast relative to traditional likelihood model fitting, and permits immediate estimation of spectral properties. Astrophysical sources of gamma rays, especially active galaxies, are typically quite variable, and our current work may lead to a reliable method to quickly characterize the flaring properties of newly-detected sources
Fermi-LAT Observations of High- and Intermediate-Velocity Clouds: Tracing Cosmic Rays in the Halo of the Milky Way
It is widely accepted that cosmic rays (CRs) up to at least PeV energies are
Galactic in origin. Accelerated particles are injected into the interstellar
medium where they propagate to the farthest reaches of the Milky Way, including
a surrounding halo. The composition of CRs coming to the solar system can be
measured directly and has been used to infer the details of CR propagation that
are extrapolated to the whole Galaxy. In contrast, indirect methods, such as
observations of gamma-ray emission from CR interactions with interstellar gas,
have been employed to directly probe the CR densities in distant locations
throughout the Galactic plane. In this article we use 73 months of data from
the Fermi Large Area Telescope in the energy range between 300 MeV and 10 GeV
to search for gamma-ray emission produced by CR interactions in several high-
and intermediate-velocity clouds located at up to ~ 7 kpc above the Galactic
plane. We achieve the first detection of intermediate-velocity clouds in gamma
rays and set upper limits on the emission from the remaining targets, thereby
tracing the distribution of CR nuclei in the halo for the first time. We find
that the gamma-ray emissivity per H atom decreases with increasing distance
from the plane at 97.5% confidence level. This corroborates the notion that CRs
at the relevant energies originate in the Galactic disk. The emissivity of the
upper intermediate-velocity Arch hints at a 50% decline of CR densities within
2 kpc from the plane. We compare our results to predictions of CR propagation
models.Comment: Accepted for publication in the Astrophysical Journa
Refining the associations of the Fermi Large Area Telescope Source Catalogs
The Fermi-Large Area Telescope (LAT) First Source Catalog (1FGL) was released
in February 2010 and the Fermi-LAT 2-Year Source Catalog (2FGL) appeared in
April 2012, based on data from 24 months of operation. Since their releases,
many follow up observations of unidentified gamma-ray sources (UGSs) were
performed and new procedures to associate gamma-ray sources with potential
counterparts at other wavelengths were developed. Here we review and
characterize all the associations as published in the 1FGL and 2FGL catalog on
the basis of multifrequency archival observations. In particular we located 177
spectra for the low-energy counterparts that were not listed in the previous
Fermi catalogs, and in addition we present new spectroscopic observations of 8
gamma-ray blazar candidates. Based on our investigations, we introduce a new
counterpart category of "candidate associations" and propose a refined
classification for the candidate low-energy counterparts of the Fermi sources.
We compare the 1FGL-assigned counterparts with those listed in the 2FGL to
determine which unassociated sources became associated in later releases of the
Fermi catalogs. We also search for potential counterparts to all the remaining
unassociated Fermi sources. Finally, we prepare a refined and merged list of
all the associations of the 1FGL plus 2FGL catalogs that includes 2219 unique
Fermi objects. This is the most comprehensive and systematic study of all the
associations collected for the gamma-ray sources available to date. We conclude
that 80% of the Fermi sources have at least one known plausible gamma-ray
emitter within their positional uncertainty regions.Comment: 26 pages, 24 figures, 7 tables, ApJS accepted for publication
(pre-proof version uploaded
The Origin of Cosmic Rays and the Diffuse Galactic Gamma-Ray Emission
Cosmic-ray interactions with interstellar gas and photons produce diffuse
gamma-ray emission. In this talk we will review the current understanding of
this diffuse emission and its relationship to the problem of the origin of
cosmic rays. We will discuss the open issues and what progress might be
possible with GLAST, which is planned for launch in 2006.Comment: 10 pages, 5 figures. Invited talk at the "Gamma 2001" Symp., April
4-6, 2001, Baltimore, MD. AIP Conf. Proc. v.587, eds. S. Ritz, N. Gehrels, &
C. R. Shrader, in pres
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