Towards a reconstruction of the conflicts of memory. The case of the Museum of Memory and Human Rights in Chile

Indexación: Scopus.El artículo sostiene que la memoria juega un rol intermediario entre el presente político y la historia. Puesto que el presente político es intrínsecamente un escenario de disputa, la memoria transfiere esa disputa a la historia, al atribuir políticamente significación cognitiva o normativa a eventos o períodos seleccionados. Propongo que de esto emergen cuatro formas de la memoria distintas y potencialmente controversiales, estas son, una forma cognitiva positiva y otra negativa, por un lado; una forma socio-integrativa positiva y otra negativa, por otro. La relación conflictiva entre ellas define lo que llamo controversias o disputas de la memoria. Por medio de una revisión de distintas reflexiones teóricas sobre la relación entre política, historia y memoria, construyo primero un modelo original para el análisis de las disputas de la memoria y luego lo aplico a la controversia pública respecto de la instalación y funcionamiento del Museo de la Memoria y los Derechos Humanos de Chile entre 2007 y 2016. El artículo concluye que la crítica de posiciones políticas concernientes a la relación entre política e historia produce distintas formas de la memoria con énfasis cognitivo o socio-integrativo que colisionan entre sí produciendo una trayectoria de la memoria cambiante en el tiempo.The article asserts that memory plays an intermediary role between political present and history. As political present is intrinsically a matter of dispute, memory transfers this dispute into history by politically attributing cognitive or normative significance to selected events and periods. I argue that four different and potentially controversial forms of memory emerge from this, namely, a positive and a negative cognitive form of memory, on the one hand, and a negative and a positive socio-integrative form, on the other hand. The conflictive link between these forms of memory defines what I call controversies or disputes of memory. By elaborating on different theoretical reflections about the relation between politics, history, and memory, I firstly construe an original framework to analyze disputes of memory and subsequently I apply this to the public controversy between 2007 and 2016 regarding the installation and functioning of the Chilean Museum of Memory and Human Rights. The article concludes that criticisms of political positions concerning the relation between politics and history produce different and colliding forms of cognitive or socio-integrative memory, which creates a fluctuating time trajectory for memory.https://revistamad.uchile.cl/index.php/RMAD/article/view/47278/4932

La calificación perfecta

Relato seleccionado. Categoría Senior del Certamen

Environmental exposure to chlorpyrifos during gestation, APOE polymorphism and the risk on autistic-like behaviors

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) encompasses several neurodevelopmental conditions characterized by communication and social impairment, as well as repetitive patterns of behavior. However, it can co-occur with other mental conditions such as anxiety. The massive use of chlorpyrifos (CPF) has been linked to the increased prevalence of developmental disorders. Likewise, ASD has also been closely linked to a wide variety of genetic factors. The aims of the present investigation are to study how gestational CPF exposure and APOE polymorphism affects communication skills, early development and mid-term anxiety-like behaviors, as well as, changes in gene expression related to the cholinergic system. C57BL/6J and humanized apoE3 and apoE4 homozygous mice were exposed to 0 or 1 mg/kg/day of CPF through the diet, from gestational day (GD) 12-18. In addition, a group of C57BL/6J females were injected subcutaneously with 300 mg/kg/day of valproic acid (VPA) on GD 12 and 13. This group was used as a positive control for studying some core and associated autism-like behaviors. Communication skills by means of ultrasonic vocalizations and physical/motor development were assessed during the preweaning period, whereas locomotor activity, anxiety-like behaviors and the gene expression of cholinergic elements were evaluated during adolescence. Our results showed that C57BL/6J mice prenatally exposed to CPF or VPA showed a decrease in body weight and a delay in eye opening. Communication and anxiety behavior were affected differently depending on treatment, while gene expression was altered by sex and treatment. In addition, none of the parameters evaluated in apoE transgenic mice exposed to CPF were affected, but there were differences between genotypes. Therefore, we suggest that prenatal CPF exposure and VPA produce divergent effects on communication and anxiety. Keywords: APOE genotype; Anxiety; Autism; Chlorpyrifos; Cholinergic system; Development; Ultrasonic vocalizations

El control financiero del estado

Tesis (Contador Auditor)El trabajo que procederemos a desarrollar pretende determinar los aspectos fundamentales del sistema de Control Financiero del Estado, dando a conocer una metodología que contemple los aspectos legales contables y administrativos que se aplican en la fiscalización que ejerce la contraloría General de la República, en el sector público

Amplified Genes May Be Overexpressed, Unchanged, or Downregulated in Cervical Cancer Cell Lines

Several copy number-altered regions (CNAs) have been identified in the genome of cervical cancer, notably, amplifications of 3q and 5p. However, the contribution of copy-number alterations to cervical carcinogenesis is unresolved because genome-wide there exists a lack of correlation between copy-number alterations and gene expression. In this study, we investigated whether CNAs in the cell lines CaLo, CaSki, HeLa, and SiHa were associated with changes in gene expression. On average, 19.2% of the cell-line genomes had CNAs. However, only 2.4% comprised minimal recurrent regions (MRRs) common to all the cell lines. Whereas 3q had limited common gains (13%), 5p was entirely duplicated recurrently. Genome-wide, only 15.6% of genes located in CNAs changed gene expression; in contrast, the rate in MRRs was up to 3 times this. Chr 5p was confirmed entirely amplified by FISH; however, maximum 33.5% of the explored genes in 5p were deregulated. In 3q, this rate was 13.4%. Even in 3q26, which had 5 MRRs and 38.7% recurrently gained SNPs, the rate was only 15.1%. Interestingly, up to 19% of deregulated genes in 5p and 73% in 3q26 were downregulated, suggesting additional factors were involved in gene repression. The deregulated genes in 3q and 5p occurred in clusters, suggesting local chromatin factors may also influence gene expression. In regions amplified discontinuously, downregulated genes increased steadily as the number of amplified SNPs increased (p<0.01, Spearman's correlation). Therefore, partial gene amplification may function in silencing gene expression. Additional genes in 1q, 3q and 5p could be involved in cervical carcinogenesis, specifically in apoptosis. These include PARP1 in 1q, TNFSF10 and ECT2 in 3q and CLPTM1L, AHRR, PDCD6, and DAP in 5p. Overall, gene expression and copy-number profiles reveal factors other than gene dosage, like epigenetic or chromatin domains, may influence gene expression within the entirely amplified genome segments

Developmental brain lipidomics is influenced by postnatal chlorpyrifos exposure and APOE genetic background in mice

Lipids are a major component of the brain, and are involved in structural and neurodevelopmental processes such as neuro- genesis, synaptogenesis and signaling. Apolipoprotein E (apoE) is the main lipoprotein involved in lipid transport in the brain. The apoE isoforms can determine vulnerability to the toxic effects of the pesticide chlorpyrifos (CPF), which can interfere with normal neurodevelopment. We aimed to study the effects of postnatal exposure to CPF and of the APOE genotype on the lipid composition of the brain at early ages. For it, we used apoE3 and apoE4 targeted-replacement (TR) male mice, as well as wild-type C57BL/6. The mice were orally exposed to 1 mg/kg/day of CPF on postnatal days 10-15 and, four hours after the treatment, we obtained samples to assess the cerebral lipid composition. Differences between APOE genotypes were found in the cerebral lipid profile in the postnatal period. ApoE4-TR mice exhibited higher lipid concentrations compared to the other groups in most of the cases. CPF exposure led to a decrease in cholesteryl ester and triglyceride concentrations, while modulating the levels of phosphatidylcholine species based on the apoE isoform. Specifically, CPF treatment decreased the concentration of some species of this lipid (PC30:0, PC31:0, PC32:2, PC36:5, PC40:4 and PC40:5) in C57BL/6 mice exposed to CPF, increased (PC31:0 and PC37:6) in apoE3-TR exposed mice while exposed apoE4-TR mice remained unal- tered. These results provide further insights into the lipid composition of the brain at early ages, and how it can be modulated by environmental and genetic factors

Biallelic POC1A variants cause syndromic severe insulin resistance with muscle cramps

Objective: To describe clinical, laboratory, and genetic characteristics of three unrelated cases from Chile, Portugal, and Saudi Arabia with severe insulin resistance, SOFT syndrome, and biallelic pathogenic POC1A variants.Design: Observational study.Methods: Probands' phenotypes, including short stature, dysmorphism, and insulin resistance, were compared with previous reports.Results: Cases 1 (female) and 3 (male) were homozygous for known pathogenic POC1A variants: c.649C>T, p.(Arg217Trp) and c.241C>T, p.(Arg81*), respectively. Case 2 (male) was compound heterozygous for p.(Arg217Trp) variant and the rare missense variant c.370G>A, p.(Asp124Asn). All three cases exhibited severe insulin resistance, acanthosis nigricans, elevated serum triglycerides and decreased HDL, and fatty liver, resembling three previously reported cases. All three also reported severe muscle cramps. Aggregate analysis of the six known cases with biallelic POC1A variants and insulin resistance showed decreased birth weight and length mean (S.D.): -2.8 (0.9) and -3.7 (0.9) SDS, respectively), severe short stature mean (S.D.) height: -4.9 (1.7) SDS) and moderate microcephaly (mean occipitofrontal circumference -3.0 (range: -4.7 to -1.2)). These findings were similar to those reported for patients with SOFT syndrome without insulin resistance. Muscle biopsy in Case 3 showed features of muscle involvement secondary to a neuropathic process.Conclusions: Patients with SOFT syndrome can develop severe dyslipidaemic insulin resistance, independent of the exonic position of the POC1A variant. They also can develop severe muscle cramps. After diagnosis, patients should be regularly screened for insulin resistance and muscle complaints.Genetics of disease, diagnosis and treatmen

Biallelic POC1A variants cause syndromic severe insulin resistance with muscle cramps.

OBJECTIVE: To describe clinical, laboratory, and genetic characteristics of three unrelated cases from Chile, Portugal, and Saudi Arabia with severe insulin resistance, SOFT syndrome, and biallelic pathogenic POC1A variants. DESIGN: Observational study. METHODS: Probands' phenotypes, including short stature, dysmorphism, and insulin resistance, were compared with previous reports. RESULTS: Cases 1 (female) and 3 (male) were homozygous for known pathogenic POC1A variants: c.649C>T, p.(Arg217Trp) and c.241C>T, p.(Arg81*), respectively. Case 2 (male) was compound heterozygous for p.(Arg217Trp) variant and the rare missense variant c.370G>A, p.(Asp124Asn). All three cases exhibited severe insulin resistance, acanthosis nigricans, elevated serum triglycerides and decreased HDL, and fatty liver, resembling three previously reported cases. All three also reported severe muscle cramps. Aggregate analysis of the six known cases with biallelic POC1A variants and insulin resistance showed decreased birth weight and length mean (s.d.): -2.8 (0.9) and -3.7 (0.9) SDS, respectively), severe short stature mean (s.d.) height: -4.9 (1.7) SDS) and moderate microcephaly (mean occipitofrontal circumference -3.0 (range: -4.7 to -1.2)). These findings were similar to those reported for patients with SOFT syndrome without insulin resistance. Muscle biopsy in Case 3 showed features of muscle involvement secondary to a neuropathic process. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with SOFT syndrome can develop severe dyslipidaemic insulin resistance, independent of the exonic position of the POC1A variant. They also can develop severe muscle cramps. After diagnosis, patients should be regularly screened for insulin resistance and muscle complaints

Geographies of markets: Materials, morals and monsters in motion

Approaching processes of capitalist market exchange from a cultural economic perspective, we identify three strands of research that are all part of a widespread ‘pragmatic turn’ in the study of economic activities: (1) the conceptualization of markets as heterogeneous arrangements of people, things and sociotechnical devices; (2) the insight that multiple frames of reference are mobilized in everyday market activities in addition to instrumental rationality; and (3) approaches that combine an interest in the performance of diversity and difference in concrete market contexts with an attention to mobility in network capitalism