The Strength of Collusion: A Conceptual Framework for Interpreting Hybrid Social Orders

By moving away from dualistic perspectives that see social order as the product of strong states but not weak states, this article develops a conceptual framework for interpreting hybrid social orders, i.e. those established by both legal and extra-legal actors. The initial premise is that hybrid forms of social domination resulting from the interaction between legal and extra-legal actors, and regulated by a combination of rational bureaucratic and neo-patrimonial rules, produce relevant economic and political outcomes such as job creation, the supply of basic services and the production of authority. Especially in contexts of continuous economic crisis, ethnic segregation, social marginalization and persistent inequality, these outcomes have ordering effects both in terms of reducing uncertainty and regulating social expectations. Furthermore, in such social contexts, socially tolerated illegal markets play a decisive role. Supported by recent and innovative research, this article concludes with hypotheses intended to promote further research

Dynamics of Turing patterns under spatio-temporal forcing

We study, both theoretically and experimentally, the dynamical response of Turing patterns to a spatio-temporal forcing in the form of a travelling wave modulation of a control parameter. We show that from strictly spatial resonance, it is possible to induce new, generic dynamical behaviors, including temporally-modulated travelling waves and localized travelling soliton-like solutions. The latter make contact with the soliton solutions of P. Coullet Phys. Rev. Lett. {\bf 56}, 724 (1986) and provide a general framework which includes them. The stability diagram for the different propagating modes in the Lengyel-Epstein model is determined numerically. Direct observations of the predicted solutions in experiments carried out with light modulations in the photosensitive CDIMA reaction are also reported.Comment: 6 pages, 5 figure

Fact-checkers on social networks: analysis of their presence and content distribution channels

Fact-checking is a thriving journalistic discipline that, in recent years, has gained great prominence as a tool in combating disinformation. The effectiveness of the work carried out by these journalistic initiatives depends not only on the quality of their content, but also on their ability to reach large audiences through the same channels by which disinformation spreads. In this context, we consider it important to know to what extent fact-checkers use social networks and other types of digital channels in order to deliver their fact-checks to a wide audience, whether there are differences between the practices developed by these actors according to the type of organisation to which they belong and whether there is a distinguishing element in this regard for Ibero-American fact-checkers. This article focuses on analysing the presence on social networks and the use of content distribution tools by 104 fact-checkers from all over the world pertaining to the International Fact-Checking Network in 2020. The results show significant differences in terms of network presence based on the type of entity to which fact-checkers belong, the independent fact-checkers being the ones using a wider variety of distribution channels. It has also been confirmed that Ibero-American fact-checkers have a greater presence on social networks, use more digital tools and provide more channels to share their content than the rest of the international sample.La verificación de datos es una disciplina periodística en auge que, en los últimos años, ha alcanzado un gran protagonismo como herramienta de lucha contra la desinformación. La eficacia del trabajo desarrollado por esas iniciativas periodísticas depende no solo de la calidad de sus contenidos, sino también de su capacidad de hacerlos llegar a grandes audiencias a través de las mismas vías por las que se expande la desinformación. En este contexto, consideramos importante conocer en qué medida los fact-checkers están utilizando las redes sociales y otro tipo de canales digitales para hacer llegar sus verificaciones a un público amplio, si hay diferencias entre las prácticas desarrolladas por estos actores en función del tipo de organización al que pertenecen, y si existe un elemento diferencial a este respecto de los fact-checkers iberoamericanos. Este artículo se centra en el análisis de la presencia en redes sociales y el uso de herramientas para la difusión de contenidos de 104 fact-checkers de todo el mundo pertenecientes a la International Fact-Checking Network en 2020. Los resultados muestran diferencias notables en cuanto a presencia en redes según el tipo de entidad a la que pertenece el verificador, siendo los fact-checkers independientes los que presentan una mayor variedad de canales de distribución. También se constata que los fact-checkers iberoamericanos tienen mayor presencia en redes, usan más herramientas digitales y ofrecen más vías para compartir sus contenidos que el resto de la muestra internacional analizada

ENFERMERÍA Y EL PACIENTE EN SITUACIÓN TERMINAL

The fact of death, non-life, has been in all societies, for all groups and all individuals a situation that has been faced in many different ways. In general, despite the fact that death is a part, a phenomenon of existence, there is a rejection of it, by people who are close to the situation of death. This article presents a reflection of the terminal process, its features, phases, and influence over activities such as DUE etc. The aim of this paper is not to show assumptions, nor to establish absolute indisputable truths, because the topic lends itself to an endless debate in which the conclusions are always personal. What we want is to invite reflection, personal or group counseling to foster positive attitudes in nursing care for the terminally ill patients. These attitudes will translate into better quality of care. We end with a series of practical recommendations that, by changing attitudes, we should improve care provided to terminally ill patients in order to increase their quality of life.El hecho de la muerte, de la no vida, ha sido en todas las sociedades, para todos los grupos humanos y para todos los individuos una situación que se ha afrontado de muy diversas formas. En general, a pesar de que la muerte es una parte, un fenómeno de la propia existencia, existe un rechazo hacia ella, hacia las personas que se hallan cercanas a la situación de muerte. En este artículo se presenta una reflexión sobre el proceso terminal, sus características, fases, influencia de nuestras actividades como D. U. E., etc. El objetivo de este artículo no es demostrar unas hipótesis, tampoco lo es establecer verdades absolutas e indiscutibles, ya que el tema se presta a un interminable debate donde siempre las conclusiones serán personales. Lo que pretendemos es invitar a la reflexión, personal o en grupo, para fomentar actitudes positivas en los profesionales de Enfermería de cara al cuidado de enfermos terminales. Estas actitudes se traducirán en una mejor calidad de la asistencia. Terminamos finalmente con una serie de recomendaciones prácticas para que, por medio del cambio de actitudes, mejoremos la asistencia prestada a pacientes terminales, en orden a un aumento en su calidad de vida

Phylogenetic prospecting for cryptic species of the genus Merluccius (Actinopterygii: Merlucciidae).

Hakes of the genus Merluccius include 11 valid species as well a number of rare morphotypes suspected to be “cryptic species”. Concatenated nucDNA ITS1-rDNA and mtDNA cyt b sequences plus nested ITS1Nes sequences allowed to ascribe 14 specimens of nine rare morphotypes from the South Pacific and the South Atlantic to the phylogenetic backbone of this genus. Bayesian analyses pointed to M. bilinearis and M. albidus as the oldest species of the genus and the New World cluster, respectively. The phylogenetic status of M. angustimanus from the upper Gulf of California suggests its hybrid origin between M. gayi and M. productus from about 0.25 MYA, although an ever since confinement of a subset of those species cannot be ruled out. The molecular phylodiagnostic test suggests a common origin of all rare morphotypes and the absence of cryptic hake species in the Southern Cone. The molecular background of the morphotypes distributed between the Western Pacific South of New Zealand and the western Atlantic South of Argentina is compatible with their hybrid origin between M. gayi and both, M. australis or M. hubbsi, respectively.This research was partially supported with the project LETSHAKE (AGL2013-4846-R) co-funded by MINECO (Ministerio Español de Economía y Competitividad) and EU-FEDER to M.P. as well as with grant (IN607B 2018/14) to M. P. from Xunta de Galicia-Axencia Galega de Innovación. This work was also partly funded with grants from “Consellería de Educación e Ordenación Universitaria Xunta de Galicia (Galician Regional Government) cofunding from the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) in the framework of the Operational Program Galicia 2014–2020 (CIM-UVIGO), “A way to build Europe”.Versión del edito

Una alternativa poco habitual: la vía intraosea

After an intensive literature review, we seek here to implement a recommendation guide when using this route. There is a discussion of the indications and contraindications of the route and insertion techniques and of the key anatomical regions affected.We should note that this is an emergency vascular access for infusion of drugs and fluids, so we will define the specific indications and who is responsible for its implementation and offer a description of the technique in all its steps.The theoretical basis of using this approach is based on the fact that the long bone marrow cavity is occupied by a rich network of sinusoids which drain the large central venous sinus and allowed these drugs and fluids to pass into the general circulation with a speed similar to that at which they would pass to any other peripheral vein. It is a little-known route of choice by the health staff, but very useful in patients with difficult venous access due to circulatory collapse of pathological or traumatic origin. The article therefore seeks to facilitate its use for all concerned.En el presente artículo, tras una intensa revisión bibliográfica, intentaremos implantar una guía de recomendaciones a la hora de utilizar esta vía, para ello expondremos las principales indicaciones y contraindicaciones de la citada vía, así como las técnicas de inserción y principales regiones anatómicas afectas.Debemos tener en cuenta que se trata de un acceso vascular de urgencia para la infusión de fármacos y líquidos, por lo que vamos a delimitar sus indicaciones concretas y a quien corresponde su aplicación, así como la descripción de la técnica en todos sus pasos.La base teórica del uso de esta vía está basada en que la cavidad medular de huesos largos está ocupada por una rica red de capilares sinusoides que drenan al gran seno venoso central y que permite pasar dichos fármacos y líquidos a la circulación general con una rapidez similar a como lo harían por cualquier otra vena periférica.Se trata de una vía de elección poco conocida por el personal sanitario, pero de gran utilidad en pacientes con difícil acceso venoso por colapso circulatorio de origen patológico o traumático, por lo que tras la elaboración de este artículo pretendemos que a todos nos sea un poco más fácil su uso

A population Monte Carlo scheme with transformed weights and its application to stochastic kinetic models

This paper addresses the problem of Monte Carlo approximation of posterior probability distributions. In particular, we have considered a recently proposed technique known as population Monte Carlo (PMC), which is based on an iterative importance sampling approach. An important drawback of this methodology is the degeneracy of the importance weights when the dimension of either the observations or the variables of interest is high. To alleviate this difficulty, we propose a novel method that performs a nonlinear transformation on the importance weights. This operation reduces the weight variation, hence it avoids their degeneracy and increases the efficiency of the importance sampling scheme, specially when drawing from a proposal functions which are poorly adapted to the true posterior. For the sake of illustration, we have applied the proposed algorithm to the estimation of the parameters of a Gaussian mixture model. This is a very simple problem that enables us to clearly show and discuss the main features of the proposed technique. As a practical application, we have also considered the popular (and challenging) problem of estimating the rate parameters of stochastic kinetic models (SKM). SKMs are highly multivariate systems that model molecular interactions in biological and chemical problems. We introduce a particularization of the proposed algorithm to SKMs and present numerical results.Comment: 35 pages, 8 figure

Monitoring, managing and transferring marine and maritime knowledge for sustainable Blue Growth. Portals and repositories and their role in knowledge transfer to support Blue Growth

This report focuses primarily on marine data portals and repositories as important providers of knowledge in the form of data, metadata and derived data-products. In addition, these data and information systems are also important users of knowledge outputs from research projects. As such, they have a unique position and role to play by: (i) fostering direct transfer of data or products from repositories to intermediate and end-users; and (ii) taking up outputs from monitoring activities and projects to data repositories (users in this scenario) to fill data gaps or to contribute to better architecture, services or data products. Successive European marine research projects such as the SeaDataNet, SeaDataNet II, the series of MyOcean projects, Jerico, ODIP and numerous others have contributed significantly to the development of the current European marine data and information sharing landscape. As a result of huge efforts over the last decades, there is a wealth of marine observations and data with a wide range of potential applications currently available via various marine data repositories and portals in Europe. Despite their potential, this report highlights that there is still a huge gap between the knowledge that can be derived from available European data resources and actual uptake by users resulting in tangible contributions to Blue Growth, marine environmental management and knowledge-based policy making