Az ECL nyelvvizsga vizsgázókra gyakorolt hatása. Egy kérdőíves felmérés eredményei

Egy vizsga óriási hatással lehet a vizsgát letevő személy további életútjára. Különösen igaz ez az úgynevezett nagy téttel bíró vizsgák, mint például az érettségi vagy egy nyelvvizsga esetében, de említhetem a fodrászok vagy jogászok szakvizsgáját is. Egy nyelvvizsga sikeres teljesítése meghatározhatja az ember nyelvtanuláshoz és a nyelv(ek) használatához kapcsolódó attitűdjét, és akár még az önbizalmát is megerősítheti. Empirikus vizsgálatunkkal, mely egy e kérdéssel foglalkozó későbbi kutatás előtanulmányának tekintendő, azt céloztuk meg, hogy betekintést nyerjünk e kevésbé kutatott területre. Tanulmányunkban bemutatjuk, hogy a sikeres nyelvvizsgát tévő vizsgázók milyen területeken alkalmazzák elsősorban megszerzett tudásukat és felvázoljuk, hogy e siker milyen hatással lehetett életükre

Behaviour of the F1-region, and Esand spread-F phenomena at European middle latitudes, particularly under geomagnetic storm conditions

Knowledge of the ionospheric electron density distribution and its fluctuations is essential for predicting ionospheric characteristics for radio wave propagation and for other applications such as satellite tracking, navigation, etc. Geomagnetic storm is the most important source of the ionisation density perturbatio ns. Recent studies of the F1-region electron density distribution revealed systematic seasonal and latitudinal differences in the F1-layer response to geomagnetic storm. At European higher middle latitudes no significant effect has been observed in summer and spring at heights of 160-190 km, whereas well-pronounced depression appears in winter and late autumn at least at 180- 190 km. A brief interpretation of this finding will be presented. On the other hand, the pattern of the response of the ionosphere at F1-layer heights does not seem to depend on the type of response of F2-layer (foF2) or on solar activity. Concerning the main types of ionospheric irregularities sporadic E and spread-F, it has been found that considering sporadic E-layers as thin diffraction screen, it may be modelled for propagation of radio-waves by the determination of the temporal variation of foEs representing in ionograms the mean ion density of «patches» of increased ion density embedded in the Es-layer. Spectrum of these variations indicates the mean period of the variations, which multiplied by the wind velocity gives the mean distance of patches, that is, the mean distance between the screen points. In case of spread-F, it has been found that irregularities causing spread-F are mostly due to plasma instabilities, though the role of travelling ionospheric disturbances may be not entirely neglected

Geoelektromágnesség és a változó Föld = Geoelectromagnetism and the changing Earth

A témában folyó tevékenység magában foglalja a Nagycenki Geofizikai Obszervatórium műszerezettségének fejlesztését (geomágneses mérőrendszerek, ionoszonda), de más műszer- és módszerfejlesztéseket is. Az obszervatórium adatai adatbázisban hozzáférhetők. A Nagycenki és a Tihanyi Obszervatórium valamint állandó és időszakos hálózatok mérési adatai alapján különösen az egyes paraméterek hosszú idejű változásainak vizsgálata folyt. Így a geomágneses tevékenység szekuláris növekedését, légköri elektromos potenciálgradiens csökkenését valamint a geomágneses pulzációk téli/decemberi csillapításának 11 éves modulációját sikerült kimutatni. Több módszerrel is (pulzációk, whistlerek, modellezés) pontosultak a magnetoszféra szerkezetére és jellemző paramétereire vonatkozó ismeretek. Keresték a földrengések elektromágneses előfutárait. Jelentősen bővültek a villámtevékenységből eredő Schumann rezonanciára valamint elektromágneses tranziensekre vonatkozó ismeretek. Az ionoszférabeli elektronsűrűség esetében jelentős tengerpart-hatás mutatkozott. Az altalaj ellenállásában a globális éghajlatváltozás hatását keresve a beszivárgó csapadékvíz okozta ellenállás változásra sikerült példát találni. Folytatódott a tektonikai hatásra kialakult gyenge zónák elektromágneses kutatása. | Activity in the present field includes the development of the instrumentation of the Nagycenk Geophysical Observatory (geomagnetic measuring systems, ionosonde), moreover other instrumental and methodological developments, too. Observatory data are available in a database. Based on result of the Nagycenk and Tihany observatories and on data of permanent and temporal networks, long-term trends of different electromagnetic parameters were investigated. Thus geomagnetic activity was found secularly increasing, a decrease of the atmospheric electric potential gradient and a 11-year modulation of the winter/December attenuation of the geomagnetic pulsation activity were confirmed. Several possibilities (pulsations, whistlers, modelling) were used to improve knowledge about structure and parameters of the magnetosphere. Electromagnetic precursors of earthquakes were searched. A significant increase of understanding was obtained in connection with Schumann resonances and electromagnetic transients caused by lightening. It was shown that sea-coasts influence characteristically changes in ionospheric electron content. When looking for the effect of the global climate changes in the subsurface electric resistivity, an example was discovered for the decrease of the resistivity due to infiltrating water from precipitation. Electromagnetic exploration of tectonically conditioned weak zones was continued, too

Atmospheric electricity influencing biogeochemical processes in soils and sediments

The Earth’s subsurface represents a complex electrochemical environment that contains many electro-active chemical compounds that are relevant for a wide array of biologically driven ecosystem processes. Concentrations of many of these electro-active compounds within Earth’s subsurface environments fluctuate during the day and over seasons. This has been observed for surface waters, sediments and continental soils. This variability can affect particularly small, relatively immobile organisms living in these environments. While various drivers have been identified, a comprehensive understanding of the causes and consequences of spatio-temporal variability in subsurface electrochemistry is still lacking. Here we propose that variations in atmospheric electricity (AE) can influence the electrochemical environments of soils, water bodies and their sediments, with implications that are likely relevant for a wide range of organisms and ecosystem processes. We tested this hypothesis in field and laboratory case studies. Based on measurements of subsurface redox conditions in soils and sediment, we found evidence for both local and global variation in AE with corresponding patterns in subsurface redox conditions. In the laboratory, bacterial respiratory responses, electron transport activity and H2S production were observed to be causally linked to changes in atmospheric cation concentrations. We argue that such patterns are part of an overlooked phenomenon. This recognition widens our conceptual understanding of chemical and biological processes in the Earth’s subsurface and their interactions with the atmosphere and the physical environment

The global atmospheric electrical circuit and climate

Evidence is emerging for physical links among clouds, global temperatures, the global atmospheric electrical circuit and cosmic ray ionisation. The global circuit extends throughout the atmosphere from the planetary surface to the lower layers of the ionosphere. Cosmic rays are the principal source of atmospheric ions away from the continental boundary layer: the ions formed permit a vertical conduction current to flow in the fair weather part of the global circuit. Through the (inverse) solar modulation of cosmic rays, the resulting columnar ionisation changes may allow the global circuit to convey a solar influence to meteorological phenomena of the lower atmosphere. Electrical effects on non-thunderstorm clouds have been proposed to occur via the ion-assisted formation of ultra-fine aerosol, which can grow to sizes able to act as cloud condensation nuclei, or through the increased ice nucleation capability of charged aerosols. Even small atmospheric electrical modulations on the aerosol size distribution can affect cloud properties and modify the radiative balance of the atmosphere, through changes communicated globally by the atmospheric electrical circuit. Despite a long history of work in related areas of geophysics, the direct and inverse relationships between the global circuit and global climate remain largely quantitatively unexplored. From reviewing atmospheric electrical measurements made over two centuries and possible paleoclimate proxies, global atmospheric electrical circuit variability should be expected on many timescale

Energetic particle influence on the Earth's atmosphere

This manuscript gives an up-to-date and comprehensive overview of the effects of energetic particle precipitation (EPP) onto the whole atmosphere, from the lower thermosphere/mesosphere through the stratosphere and troposphere, to the surface. The paper summarizes the different sources and energies of particles, principally galactic cosmic rays (GCRs), solar energetic particles (SEPs) and energetic electron precipitation (EEP). All the proposed mechanisms by which EPP can affect the atmosphere are discussed, including chemical changes in the upper atmosphere and lower thermosphere, chemistry-dynamics feedbacks, the global electric circuit and cloud formation. The role of energetic particles in Earth’s atmosphere is a multi-disciplinary problem that requires expertise from a range of scientific backgrounds. To assist with this synergy, summary tables are provided, which are intended to evaluate the level of current knowledge of the effects of energetic particles on processes in the entire atmosphere

The Washback of Language Exams on Classroom Practice in Hungary in a Complex Dynamic System Framework

The present study investigated how the washback of different language exams and various other factors shape the classroom practice of language teachers at the secondary level of public education in Hungary. To find answers to our research question, mixed methods were applied: a semi structured interview, questionnaires including both the Likert type and open-ended items revealed how the various washback factors, the ID variables of teachers and the types of language exams influence the language teaching approach of teachers. The study also showed how the different types of language exams – school leaving and externally accredited ones – affect teachers. Furthermore, the questionnaire administered to both teachers and students made it possible to compare and contrast the views of teachers and students with respect to the same variable: classroom practice. The results showed that there is a difference in the way the two major types of language exams exert their influence on both teachers and students. It has also been revealed that the ID variables of teachers have a stronger effect on teachers than the washback factors. By comparing the responses teachers and students gave to the same statements, evidence was found for how the introduction of the new school leaving exam in 2005 affected teaching practice. The findings of the study bear significance to both practicing teachers, teacher educators and decision makers. The results of the study revealed the importance of providing teachers with appropriate knowledge regarding the exams they prepare their students for