Mineral bone disease and cardiovascular disease in maintenance hemodialysis patients

Cilj istraživanja: Ispitati postoji li povezanost mineralno-koštane i srčano-žilne bolesti sa središnjim i perifernim arterijskim tlakom i hemodinamskim pokazateljima – perifernom rezistencijom, minutnim volumenom i srčanim indeksom. Ispitati povezanost mineralno-koštane i srčano-žilne bolesti s pokazateljima krutosti arterija – augmentacijskim tlakom, augmentacijskim indeksom, koeficijenton refleksije i brzinom pulsnog vala. Nacrt studije: Studija je ustrojena kao presječno istraživanje. Materijal i metode: U ovu presječnu studiju uključeno je 108 ispitanika, od kojih je 64 (59,3 %) muškarca i 44 (40,7 %) žene, kojima se nadomješta bubrežna funkcija kroničnim HD-om u Zavodu za nefrologiju KBC-a Osijek. Parametri središnje hemodinamike i arterijske krutosti izmjereni su uređajem „Agedio B900“ prije i nakon HD-a. Rezultati: Nakon HD-a zabilježen je pad vrijednosti parametara središnje i periferne hemodinamike (p < 0,001). Poslije HD-a niže su vrijednosti perifernog otpora (P < 0,001), srčanog volumena (P = 0,04), augmentacijskog tlaka (P < 0,001), AI-a (P = 0,009) te PWV-a (P < 0,001). Augmentacijski tlak (P = 0,007) i koeficijent refleksije (P = 0,003) značajno su viši kod sniženih vrijednosti kalcija. Niži PTH (ρ = -0,196, P = 0,04), ili niže vrijednosti fosfora (ρ = -0,202, P = 0,04) povezane su s većim PWV-om. Zaključak: Nakon HD-a došlo je do pada vrijednosti parametara središnje i periferne hemodinamike. Stanje uhranjenosti i poremećaj mineralno-koštanog metabolizma utjecali su na vrijednosti promatranih parametara središnje hemodinamike. Postoji poveznost mineralno-koštane i srčano-žilne bolesti s perifernim i centralnim arterijskim tlakom, hemodinamskim pokazateljima i pokazateljima arterijske krutosti.Objectives: The main objective of this study is to examine whether there is a correlation between mineral-bone and cardiovascular diseases with central and peripheral arterial pressure and haemodynamic indicators – peripheral resistance, minute volume, and heart rate index. Furthermore, the aim was to investigate the association of mineral-bone and cardiovascular diseases with arterial stiffness indicators – augmentation pressure, augmentation index, reflexion coefficient and pulse wave velocity. Study design: The study is designed as a cross-sectional study. Material and methods: This cross-sectional study included 108 subjects , of whom 64 (59.3 %) were men and 44 (40.7 %) women, who underwent the replacement of the renal function with chronic HD at the Clinical Hospital Center Osijek, at the Department of Nephrology. Parameters of central haemodynamics and arterial stiffness were measured with the “Agedio B900” device before and after HD. Results: After HD, the value of the parameters of central and peripheral haemodynamics dropped (p < 0.001). Peripheral resistance, heart volume (P = 0.04), augmentation pressure (P < 0.001), AI (P = 0.009) and PWV (P < 0.001) indicated lower values after HD. Augmentation pressure (P = 0.007) and reflection coefficient (P = 0.003) are significantly higher in subjects with reduced calcium levels. Lower PTH (ρ = -0.196, P = 0.04), and lower phosphorus values (ρ = -0.202, P = 0.04) are associated with larger PWV. Conclusion: After HD, the values of the parameters of central and peripheral haemodynamics decreased. The nutritional status and mineral-bone metabolism disorders have influenced the values of observed parameters of central haemodynamics. There is a correlation between mineral-bone and cardiovascular diseases with peripheral and central arterial pressure, haemodynamic indicators and arterial stiffness indicators

Vanredne situacije izazvane prirodnim katastrofama

Mankind is faced in the past and faces in the present numerous natural disasters which nature shows its 'power' and threatening planetary security. Natural disasters are natural phenomena that occur due to the effects of natural forces and they are manifested in the formation of such as an earthquake, fire, flood, drought, snow, lightning storms, landslides, wuthering winds, volcanic eruptions, etc.. The period of time that is past us, points to the paradox of modern times, as the level of technological development is higher as the greater exposure to natural disasters and their devastating consequences. The modern man is changing environment by modern technical and technological advances, but also with the changes in the environment, he is changing the natural course of events, disrupting climate and the nature of the planet Earth. Nature and man are the two main sources of modern disasters that often lead to emergency situations. Natural disasters are a constant threat to the global community, they do not know the political situation, economic status or boundaries of a state, because they are made in the action of natural forces. Each year on Earth, hundreds of natural disasters and emergencies occur, with unforeseeable consequences, casualties and extensive property damage, often irreparable. Along with the more frequent occurrence of natural disasters, and the importance of raising awareness is increasing, about threats from natural hazards and risks that they carry. No matter what the scientific developments and modern technology can predict the occurrence of some natural threats, both in terms of location and the time of appearance, natural disasters are characterized by the suddenness of occurrence and mutual dependence. Human negligence and irresponsible behavior to nature, are often causes of natural disasters. It is necessary to take measures to reduce disaster risk and to raise awareness of human society on the responsibility for the changes in the environment and action, in the context of sustainable development.Čovečanstvo se u prošlosti i u sadašnjosti suočavalo i suočava se sa brojnim prirodnim katastrofama kojima priroda pokazuje svoju 'moć' i ugrožava planetarnu bezbednost. Prirodne katastrofe su pojave u prirodi koje nastaju usled delovanja prirodnih sila, a manifestuju se kao nastajanje zemljotresa, požara, poplava, suša, snežnih lavina, olujnog nevremena, klizišta, orkanskih vetrova, vulkanskih erupcija i dr. Vremenski period koji je iza nas ukazuje na paradoks modernog vremena, odnosno što je veći stepen tehnološkog razvoja to je veća izloženost prirodnim katastrofama, a njihove posledice razornije. Savremeni čovek modernim tehničko-tehnološkim dostignućima menja životnu sredinu, ali isto tako sa tim promenama u životnoj sredini menja prirodne tokove i remeti klimu u prirodi na planeti Zemlji. Priroda i čovek su dva glavna izvora savremenih katastrofa koje često vode ka vanrednim situacijama. Prirodne katastrofe su stalna pretnja globalnoj društvenoj zajednici, one ne poznaju političke prilike, ekonomsko stanje ili granice neke države, jer nastaju djelovanjem prirodnih sila. Godišnje se na Zemlji dogode stotine prirodnih katastrofa i vanrednih situacija sa nesagledivim posledicama, ljudskim žrtvama i velikom materijalnom štetom, često nenadoknadivom. Uporedo sa sve češćom pojavom prirodnih katastrofa, raste i značaj podizanja svesti o postojanju pretnji od prirodnih katastrofa i rizika koje one nose. Bez obzira što se naučnim dostignućima i savremenom tehnologijom može predvideti nastanak nekih prirodnih ugrožavanja, kako po mestu tako i po vremenu pojavljivanja, prirodne katastrofe odlikuje iznenadnost nastanka i međusobna uslovljenost. Ljudski nemar, kao i neodgovorno ponašanje prema prirodi, često su uzroci nastanka prirodnih katastrofa. Neophodno je preduzimanje mera za smanjenje rizika od prirodnih katastrofa kao i podizanje svesti ljudskog društva o odgovornosti za promene u životnoj sredini i delovanje u kontekstu održivog razvoja

Održivi razvoj kroz oblikovanje i uređenje bezbednog prostornog okruženja

Every state now largely uses its considerable resources (human, material and financial) in order to reduce crime rates. It is therefore necessary to consider alternative possibilities in the fight against crime by using the existing natural features and of conditions with the active participation of each individual in social community. Prevention has a key role in it. One model of prevention, which has proved very successful in practice, is contained in the application of the principle and strategy in theory of crime prevention through environmental design. The essence of this theory is that a careful urban planning, architectural design and design of living environment, reduce the environmental opportunities that are 'in favor of' offenders, with the active participation of all individuals of the community who use the space in accordance with the intended purpose, carry out constant monitoring, make access difficult to unauthorized persons using existing spatial features and urban elements, regular maintenance and care leave clear message that the area belongs to someone. Ecological feature of crime prevention through environmental design theory lies in the fact that the application of these principles does not violate the natural environment, but used its resources and existing natural features in order to reduce the vulnerability of space and emphasizes the role of man as an active community individual in improving the quality of life and preserving the natural environment for future generations as one of the main goals of sustainable development.Svaka država danas u velikoj meri koristi svoje značajne resurse (ljudske, materijalne, finansijske) u cilju smanjenja stope kriminaliteta. Stoga je neophodno razmotriti alternativne mogućnosti u borbi protiv kriminala korišćenjem postojećih prirodnih karakteristika i stvorenih uslova uz aktivno učešće svakog pojedinca društvene zajednice. Prevencija u tome ima ključnu ulogu. Jedan od modela prevencije, koji se pokazao vrlo uspešnim u praksi, sadržan je u primeni prinicipa i strategija teorije prevencije kriminaliteta kroz uređenje okruženja. Suština ove teorije je da se pažljivim prostornim planiranjem, arhitektonskim projektovanjem i uređenjem životnog okruženja, smanje ambijentalne pogodnosti koje 'idu na ruku' prestupnicima, uz aktivno učešće svih pojedinaca društvene zajednice koji korišćenjem prostora u skladu sa planiranom namenom obavljaju konstantan nadzor, otežavaju pristup neovlašćenim licima primenom postojećih prostornih karakteristika i urbanih elemenata, redovnim održavanjem i brigom jasno ostavljaju poruku da prostor nekome pripada. Ekološka crta teorije prevencije kriminaliteta kroz uređenje okruženja leži u činjenici da se primenom navedenih principa ne narušava prirodna sredina, već se koriste njeni potencijali kao i postojeće prirodne karakteristike u cilju smanjenja ranjivosti prostora i ističe se uloga čoveka kao aktivne društvene jedinke u poboljšanju kvaliteta života i očuvanju prirodne sredine za buduća pokoljenja što je jedan od osnovnih ciljeva održivog razvoja

Održivi razvoj kroz oblikovanje i uređenje bezbednog prostornog okruženja

Every state now largely uses its considerable resources (human, material and financial) in order to reduce crime rates. It is therefore necessary to consider alternative possibilities in the fight against crime by using the existing natural features and of conditions with the active participation of each individual in social community. Prevention has a key role in it. One model of prevention, which has proved very successful in practice, is contained in the application of the principle and strategy in theory of crime prevention through environmental design. The essence of this theory is that a careful urban planning, architectural design and design of living environment, reduce the environmental opportunities that are 'in favor of' offenders, with the active participation of all individuals of the community who use the space in accordance with the intended purpose, carry out constant monitoring, make access difficult to unauthorized persons using existing spatial features and urban elements, regular maintenance and care leave clear message that the area belongs to someone. Ecological feature of crime prevention through environmental design theory lies in the fact that the application of these principles does not violate the natural environment, but used its resources and existing natural features in order to reduce the vulnerability of space and emphasizes the role of man as an active community individual in improving the quality of life and preserving the natural environment for future generations as one of the main goals of sustainable development.Svaka država danas u velikoj meri koristi svoje značajne resurse (ljudske, materijalne, finansijske) u cilju smanjenja stope kriminaliteta. Stoga je neophodno razmotriti alternativne mogućnosti u borbi protiv kriminala korišćenjem postojećih prirodnih karakteristika i stvorenih uslova uz aktivno učešće svakog pojedinca društvene zajednice. Prevencija u tome ima ključnu ulogu. Jedan od modela prevencije, koji se pokazao vrlo uspešnim u praksi, sadržan je u primeni prinicipa i strategija teorije prevencije kriminaliteta kroz uređenje okruženja. Suština ove teorije je da se pažljivim prostornim planiranjem, arhitektonskim projektovanjem i uređenjem životnog okruženja, smanje ambijentalne pogodnosti koje 'idu na ruku' prestupnicima, uz aktivno učešće svih pojedinaca društvene zajednice koji korišćenjem prostora u skladu sa planiranom namenom obavljaju konstantan nadzor, otežavaju pristup neovlašćenim licima primenom postojećih prostornih karakteristika i urbanih elemenata, redovnim održavanjem i brigom jasno ostavljaju poruku da prostor nekome pripada. Ekološka crta teorije prevencije kriminaliteta kroz uređenje okruženja leži u činjenici da se primenom navedenih principa ne narušava prirodna sredina, već se koriste njeni potencijali kao i postojeće prirodne karakteristike u cilju smanjenja ranjivosti prostora i ističe se uloga čoveka kao aktivne društvene jedinke u poboljšanju kvaliteta života i očuvanju prirodne sredine za buduća pokoljenja što je jedan od osnovnih ciljeva održivog razvoja

Bezbednosni aspekt održivog razvoja urbanih ekosistema

At the present stage of development of human society, more than half of mankind lives in urban areas with a high tendency of daily increase of population in cities around the planet, which may be considered Urban planet. UN Habitats research points to the fact that until the 2030th year, about 60 percent of the total population on the planet will live in cities if they continue with the current trend of population growth. The huge inflow of population in cities in developing countries has resulted in a lack of drinking water, poor hygienic conditions, lack of basic living space, lack of permanent living space, high level of crime and fear of crime. At the same time, cities in developed countries, are faced with another problem - the need of the population in areas with lower density for large amounts of energy. A large number of residents in cities of developed countries live in the suburbs, with large dependence of the quality of transport infrastructure. In searching for human well-being, the existing resources of immediate living environment are becoming more vulnerable. The important security indicator of existing resources, but also the indicator of sustainable development in urban ecosystems is an ecological footprint. The existing methodology for calculating the ecological footprint has not proved efficient enough in the urban planning of sustainable cities. Finding the Balance between human needs and potentials of urban living environment is the essence of sustainable development which can not be viewed as a simple collection of separate parts, but as a complex system (superorganism) which takes a series of mutually conditioned, related functions that occur in a manner that establish and / or maintain the balance of the urban environment - the urban ecosystem. The urban ecosystem is a complex open dynamic system that has a dynamic structure and functional streams in which it seeks the balance between the need for natural resources and existing capacity of the environment in an effort to meet the needs. The structure of urban system consists of a space with clearly defined boundaries, the elements, natural resources and urban infrastructure networks. The functionality of urban ecosystems is caused by many, varied activities - functions, functions of regulators, feedback gain and dynamics of functional flows. Urban institutional ecological footprint is a complete, comprehensive approach to urban planning, sustainable and safe cities - urban ecosystems.U sadašnjoj fazi razvoja ljudskog društva, više od polovine čovečanstva živi u visoko urbanizovanim sredinama sa tendencijom svakodnevnog porasta broja stanovnika u gradovima širom planete koja se može smatrati Urbanom planetom. Istraživanja UN Habitat-a ukazuju na činjenicu da će do 2030. godine, oko 60 posto ukupnog stanovništva na planeti živeti u gradovima ako se nastavi sa sadašnjom tendencijom rasta broja stanovnika. Ogroman priliv stanovništva u gradovima u zemljama u razvoju ima za posledicu nedostatak pitke vode, loše higijenske uslove, nedostatak osnovnog životnog prostora, nedostatak trajnog životnog prostora, veliki stepen kriminaliteta i straha od kriminala. Istovremeno, gradovi u razvijenim zemljama sveta, suočeni su sa drugim problemom - potreba stanovništva u sredinama sa manjom gustinom naseljenosti za velikom količinom energije. Veliki broj stanovnika, u gradovima razvijenih zemalja živi u predgrađima, u velikoj zavisnosti od kvalitetne saobraćajne infrastrukture. U potrazi za ljudskim blagostanjem postojeći resursi neposrednog životnog okruženja postaju sve ugroženiji. Značaj pokazatelj bezbednosti postojećih resursa ali istovremeno i održivog razvoja urbanog ekosistema je ekološki otisak. Postojeća metodologija proračuna ekološkog otiska nije se pokazala dovoljno efikasnom u urbanom planiranju održivih gradova. Uspostavljanje ravnoteže između ljudskih potreba i potencijala urbanog životnog okruženja je suština održivog razvoja grada koji se ne može posmatrati kao prost zbir odvojenih delova, već kao složen sistem (superorganizam) u kome se odvija niz međusobno uslovljenih, povezanih funkcija koje se odvijaju na način da se uspostavi i/ili održi ravnoteža urbanog okruženja - urbanog ekosistema. Urbani ekosistem predstavlja kompleksan otvoren dinamičan sistem koji ima svoju strukturu i dinamične funkcionalne tokove u kome se teži uspostavljanju ravnoteže između potreba za prirodnim resursima i postojećih kapaciteta životne sredine u nastojanju da se potrebe zadovolje. Strukturu urbanog sistema sačinjava prostor sa jasno definisanim granicama, elementima, prirodnim resursima i mrežama urbane infrastrukture. Funkcionalnost urbanog ekosistema uslovljena je brojnim, raznovrsnim aktivnostima - funkcijama, regulatorima funkcija, povratnim spregama i dinamikom kretanja funkcionalnih tokova. Urbani institucionalni ekološki otisak predstavlja kompletniji, sveobuhvatniji pristup u urbanom planiranju održivih i bezbednih gradova - urbanih ekosistema

Vanredne situacije izazvane prirodnim katastrofama

Mankind is faced in the past and faces in the present numerous natural disasters which nature shows its 'power' and threatening planetary security. Natural disasters are natural phenomena that occur due to the effects of natural forces and they are manifested in the formation of such as an earthquake, fire, flood, drought, snow, lightning storms, landslides, wuthering winds, volcanic eruptions, etc.. The period of time that is past us, points to the paradox of modern times, as the level of technological development is higher as the greater exposure to natural disasters and their devastating consequences. The modern man is changing environment by modern technical and technological advances, but also with the changes in the environment, he is changing the natural course of events, disrupting climate and the nature of the planet Earth. Nature and man are the two main sources of modern disasters that often lead to emergency situations. Natural disasters are a constant threat to the global community, they do not know the political situation, economic status or boundaries of a state, because they are made in the action of natural forces. Each year on Earth, hundreds of natural disasters and emergencies occur, with unforeseeable consequences, casualties and extensive property damage, often irreparable. Along with the more frequent occurrence of natural disasters, and the importance of raising awareness is increasing, about threats from natural hazards and risks that they carry. No matter what the scientific developments and modern technology can predict the occurrence of some natural threats, both in terms of location and the time of appearance, natural disasters are characterized by the suddenness of occurrence and mutual dependence. Human negligence and irresponsible behavior to nature, are often causes of natural disasters. It is necessary to take measures to reduce disaster risk and to raise awareness of human society on the responsibility for the changes in the environment and action, in the context of sustainable development.Čovečanstvo se u prošlosti i u sadašnjosti suočavalo i suočava se sa brojnim prirodnim katastrofama kojima priroda pokazuje svoju 'moć' i ugrožava planetarnu bezbednost. Prirodne katastrofe su pojave u prirodi koje nastaju usled delovanja prirodnih sila, a manifestuju se kao nastajanje zemljotresa, požara, poplava, suša, snežnih lavina, olujnog nevremena, klizišta, orkanskih vetrova, vulkanskih erupcija i dr. Vremenski period koji je iza nas ukazuje na paradoks modernog vremena, odnosno što je veći stepen tehnološkog razvoja to je veća izloženost prirodnim katastrofama, a njihove posledice razornije. Savremeni čovek modernim tehničko-tehnološkim dostignućima menja životnu sredinu, ali isto tako sa tim promenama u životnoj sredini menja prirodne tokove i remeti klimu u prirodi na planeti Zemlji. Priroda i čovek su dva glavna izvora savremenih katastrofa koje često vode ka vanrednim situacijama. Prirodne katastrofe su stalna pretnja globalnoj društvenoj zajednici, one ne poznaju političke prilike, ekonomsko stanje ili granice neke države, jer nastaju djelovanjem prirodnih sila. Godišnje se na Zemlji dogode stotine prirodnih katastrofa i vanrednih situacija sa nesagledivim posledicama, ljudskim žrtvama i velikom materijalnom štetom, često nenadoknadivom. Uporedo sa sve češćom pojavom prirodnih katastrofa, raste i značaj podizanja svesti o postojanju pretnji od prirodnih katastrofa i rizika koje one nose. Bez obzira što se naučnim dostignućima i savremenom tehnologijom može predvideti nastanak nekih prirodnih ugrožavanja, kako po mestu tako i po vremenu pojavljivanja, prirodne katastrofe odlikuje iznenadnost nastanka i međusobna uslovljenost. Ljudski nemar, kao i neodgovorno ponašanje prema prirodi, često su uzroci nastanka prirodnih katastrofa. Neophodno je preduzimanje mera za smanjenje rizika od prirodnih katastrofa kao i podizanje svesti ljudskog društva o odgovornosti za promene u životnoj sredini i delovanje u kontekstu održivog razvoja

Deep Eutectic Solvent Based Reversed-Phase Dispersive Liquid–Liquid Microextraction and High-Performance Liquid Chromatography for the Determination of Free Tryptophan in Cold-Pressed Oils

A fast and straightforward reversed-phase dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction (RP-DLLME) using a deep eutectic solvent (DES) procedure to determine free tryptophan in vegetable oils was developed. The influence of eight variables affecting the RP-DLLME efficiency has been studied by a multivariate approach. A Plackett–Burman design for screening the most influential variables followed by a central composite response surface methodology led to an optimum RP-DLLME setup for a 1 g oil sample: 9 mL hexane as the diluting solvent, vortex extraction with 0.45 mL of DES (choline chloride–urea) at 40 °C, without addition of salt, and centrifugation at 6000 rpm for 4.0 min. The reconstituted extract was directly injected into a high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) system working in the diode array mode. At the studied concentration levels, the obtained method detection limits (MDL) was 11 mg/kg, linearity in matrix-matched standards was R2 ≥ 0.997, relative standard deviations (RSD) was 7.8%, and average recovery was 93%. The combined use of the recently developed DES -based RP-DLLME and HPLC provides an innovative, efficient, cost-effective, and more sustainable method for the extraction and quantification of free tryptophan in oily food matrices. The method was employed to analyze cold-pressed oils from nine vegetables (Brazil nut, almond, cashew, hazelnut, peanut, pumpkin, sesame, sunflower, and walnut) for the first time. The results showed that free tryptophan was present in the range of 11–38 mg/100 g. This article is important for its contributions to the field of food analysis, and for its development of a new and efficient method for the determination of free tryptophan in complex matrices, which has the potential to be applied to other analytes and sample types

THE PERCEPTION OF UNETHICAL ISSUES IN SELECTED THAILAND TOURIST AREAS: MEASURING THE ATTITUDES OF FOREIGN TOURISM STUDENTS

The principal aim of the paper was to examine what kind of experience international exchange students, as future professionals in tourism industry, gained during their study at the Faculty of Hospitality and Tourism in Phuket, Thailand. Thus, the paper deals with how often they encountered the unethical issues in the tourism industry, and how these issues affect their perception of the image of Thailand as a tourist destination. The paper also explores how formal education in Tourism ethics affects the perception of Thailand tourism unethical practices, and as such, it is one of the first studies in this field. In addition, the paper intends to show if there is a relationship between formal education in Ethics in tourism and the respondents’ experience and perception of unethical issues. The results show that these unethical issues have the significant and very strong influence on tourism perception of Thailand with a special emphasis on exploitation of women and children in sex tourism. Also, the study indicates that respondents who have a formal education in Ethics were more aware and had a clearer picture of the negative effect of these unethical issues on the image of Thailand as a destination