Homossexualidade e política no Brasil: um estudo sobre opinião pública e representação política

TCC (graduação) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas, Curso de Ciências Sociais.Este trabalho buscou analisar como vem sendo o desenvolvimento de políticas públicas que abordam a homossexualidade no Brasil, examinando, para isso, a opinião dos eleitores e a representação política em relação a três demandas que se destacam: a união e o casamento entre pessoas do mesmo sexo, a adoção homoparental e a criminalização da homofobia. De um lado, analisamos pesquisas de opinião pública que trataram desses temas, realizando cruzamento com algumas variáveis. De outro, examinamos o desenvolvimento de Projetos de Lei, a preferência manifesta dos representantes, o voto destes no processo decisório e sua influência para a situação dessas políticas. Concluímos que os cidadãos brasileiros vêm se posicionando majoritariamente contrários à união e ao casamento entre pessoas do mesmo sexo e à adoção homoparental, e favoráveis à criminalização da homofobia. Já a representação política tem acontecido de forma ambígua, tendo sido os representantes congruentes em relação à maioria do eleitorado até 2011 no que tange à união homossexual e à adoção homoparental, e parcialmente congruentes em relação à criminalização da homofobia. Após 2011, os representantes se mostraram incongruentes, pois não agiram para alterar o estado vigente das políticas e se posicionaram favoráveis ao casamento homossexual. Também ficou claro que, se hoje os homossexuais têm algumas de suas demandas políticas atendidas, isso se deve à atuação do Poder Judiciário e da inércia do Legislativo.This work sought to analyze how the public policies that address homosexuality in Brazil have been developed, examining, for this, the voters' opinion and political representation in relation to three demands that stand out: same-sex marriage, same-sex adoption and criminalization of homophobia. On the one hand, we analyzed public opinion polls that dealt with these issues, crossing with some variables. On the other, we examine the development of Law Projects, the manifest preference of the representatives, their vote in the decision-making process and their influence on the situation of these policies. We conclude that Brazilian citizens have been predominantly opposed to the same-sex marriage and same-sex adoption, and are in favor of criminalizing homophobia. Political representation has taken place in an ambiguous way, with the representatives congruent with the majority of the electorate until 2011 regarding same-sex marriage and same-sex adoption, and partially congruent with regard to the criminalization of homophobia. After 2011, the representatives were incongruent, as they did not act to change the current state of the policies and positioned themselves in favor of same-sex marriage. It was also clear that if today homosexuals have some of their political demands met, this is due to the work of the Judiciary and the inertia of the Legislature

Physiology Responses and Players' Stay on the Court During a Futsal Match: A Case Study With Professional Players

Physiological responses in futsal have not been studied together with temporal information about the players' stay on the court. The aim of this study was to compare heart rate (HR) and blood lactate concentration ([La-]) responses between 1-H and 2-H considering the time of permanency of the players on the court at each substitution in a futsal match. HR was recorded during entire match and [La-] was analyzed after each substitution of seven players. %HRmean (89.61 ± 2.31 vs. 88.03 ± 4.98 %HRmax) and [La-] mean (8.46 ± 3.01 vs. 8.17 ± 2.91 mmol·L-1) did not differ between 1-H and 2-H (ES, trivial-small). Time in intensity zones of 50-100 %HRmax differed only in 60-70 %HRmax (ES, moderate). HR coefficient of variation throughout the match was low (7%) and among the four outfield players on the court (quartets, 5%). Substitutions (2 player's participation in each half), time of permanence on the court (7.15 ± 2.39 vs. 9.49 ± 3.80 min), ratio between time in- and out-ratio on the court (In:Outcourt = 1:1.30 ± 1:0.48 vs. 1:1.05 ± 1:0.55 min) also were similar between 1-H and 2-H (ES, moderate and small, respectively). Balancing the number of substitutions, and the In:Outcourt ratio of players in both halves of the match, playing lower time at 1-H, ~8 min for each participation in the match, made it possible to maintain intensity of the match in 2-H similar to the 1H. These results are a good guidance to coaches and for application in future studies

Eficiencia de la urea con inhibidores de ureasa y nitrificación en la producción de forraje de pasto bermuda

The adoption of strategies aimed at a more efficient use of nitrogen (N) and ontaining hig yields are important to satisfy the demand for food for animals and humans. The Tifton 85 Bermuda grass (Cynodon spp.) is a crop with high productive potential and may be used to create hay, but its culture requires elevated doses of nitrogen. In this sense, the objective of this experiment was to evaluate, in field conditions, the growth and production of Tifton 85 Bermuda grass according to nitrogen doses with urea containing urease and nitrification inhibitors for two agricultural years — eight cycles of forage growth. The treatments were evaluated in a randomized complete block design with three repetitions in a 3x5 factorial scheme. Treatments were: I) urea; II) urea + triamide N-(n-Butyl) thophosphoric (NBPT) urease inhibitor; and III) urea + nitrification inhibitor 3,4-Dimethylpyrazole phosphate (DMPP) with N rates (0, 40, 80, 120 and 160 kg ha-1 of N) applied after each growth period. Then, the study proceeded to estimate forage dry mass and N concentrations in dry mass for each of the growth cycles and their sum, as well as the apparent N recovery. N critical levels were set when relative production reached 90%. The use of urease (NBPT) or nitrification (DMPP) inhibitors did not improve the efficiency of urea regarding growth and production of Tifton 85 Bermuda grass. The appropriate dose of nitrogen for Tifton 85 Bermuda grass in a hay production system is 40 kg per ton of dry mass produced in each growth period.La adopción de estrategias destinadas a un uso más eficiente del nitrógeno (N) y la obtención de altos rendimientos son importantes para satisfacer la demanda de alimentos para los animales y seres humanos. El pasto bermuda Tifton 85 (Cynodon spp.) es un cultivo con un alto potencial productivo, que puede utilizarse para la producción de heno, pero es un cultivo que requiere  altas dosis de N. En este sentido, el objetivo de este experimento fue evaluar en condiciones de campo, el crecimiento y la producción del pasto bermuda Tifton 85 en función de las dosis de nitrógeno con urea que contiene ureasa e inhibidor de la nitrificación durante dos años agrícolas, totalizando ocho ciclos de crecimiento de forraje. Los tratamientos fueron evaluados en un diseño de bloques completos al azar con tres repeticiones en un esquema factorial de 3 x 5. Los tratamientos consistiéron en: I) urea; II) urea + triamida N-(n-butil)tiofosfórica (NBPT), inhibidor de la ureasa  y III) urea + inhibidor de la nitrificación (DMPP - 3,4-dimetilpirazol fosfato) y dosis de N (0, 40, 80, 120 y 160 kg ha-1 de N aplicado después de cada período de crecimiento). Posteriormente, se estimo la mass seca de forraje y las concentraciones de N en masa seca (para cada ciclo de crecimiento y suma de los ciclos de crecimiento), así como la recuperación aparente de N. El nivel crítico de N se estableció cuando la producción relativa fue del 90%. El uso del inhibidor de la ureasa (NBPT) o la nitrificación (DMPP) no mejoró la eficiencia de la urea con respecto al crecimiento y la producción de pasto bermuda Tifton 85. La dosis adecuada de nitrógeno para el Tifton 85 en un sistema de producción de heno es de 40 kg por tonelada de masa seca producida en cada período de crecimiento

Increased Rho-kinase-mediated prostate contractions associated with impairment of β-adrenergic-cAMP-signaling pathway by chronic nitric oxide deficiency

AbstractImpairment of nitric oxide (NO) – cyclic GMP signaling pathway is likely to contribute to human begnin prostate hyperplasia (BPH). In the present study we have used a model of chronic NO synthesis inhibition to evaluate the functional alterations of prostate smooth muscle (PSM) machinery, and involvement of Rho-kinase pathway. Wistar rats were treated with the NO inhibitor Nω-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME, 20mg/kg/day; 4 weeks), after which contractile responses to phenylephrine (α1-adrenoceptor agonist; 1nM to 100µM), carbachol (muscarinic agonist; 1nM to 1mM) and α,β-methylene ATP (P2X receptor agonist; 1–10µM), as well as to electrical-field stimulation (EFS; 1–32Hz) were evaluated. PSM relaxations to isoproterenol (non-selective β-adrenoceptor agonist, 0.1nM to 10µM) and sodium nitroprusside (NO donor, 1nM to 10mM) were also evaluated. The ratio prostate weight/body weight was 22% greater (P<0.05) in L-NAME compared with control group. The PSM contractions to phenylephrine, carbachol and α,β-methylene ATP were higher in L-NAME (Emax: 3.85±0.25, 3.52±0.35 and 2.03±0.2mN, respectively) compared with control group (Emax: 3.08±0.17, 2.37±0.18 and 1.57±0.18mN, respectively). The PSM contractions induced by EFS were also significantly greater in L-NAME group. Prior incubation with the Rho-kinase inhibitor Y27632 (1µM) fully reversed the enhanced contractions to phenylephrine and carbachol. Isoproterenol-induced PSM relaxations were 34% lower in L-NAME group, which was associated with reduced levels of cAMP in prostate tissue. The relaxations to sodium nitroprusside remained unaltered in L-NAME group. In summary, chronic NO deficiency leads to increased Rho-kinase-mediated PSM contractile responses accompanied by impairment of β-adrenergic-cAMP-signaling pathway

Perennial sourgrass control in full flowering growth stage

O capim-amargoso é uma planta de difícil controle devido as suas características vegetativas de sobrevivência e pela sua resistência ao glyphosate. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar a eficácia de diversos graminicidas no controle do capim-amargoso perenizado em pleno florescimento. Para isso foram instalados dois experimentos a campo, sendo que no experimento 1 foram testados 4 graminicidas associados ao glyphosate, em aplicação única no qual foi avaliado as porcentagens de controle aos 14 e 28 dias após a aplicação (DAA). Já no experimento 2 foram aplicados 17 tratamentos (aplicação A) e após 35 dias realizada a aplicação sequencial de clethodim + glyphosate (Aplicação B), nesse experimento foram avaliadas as porcentagens de controle aos 14, 28 e 35 DAA de A e B, assim como a massa seca das plantas de capim-amargoso após a última avaliação de controle. No experimento 1 não se obteve controle satisfatório das plantas de capim-amargoso perenizado com nenhum dos tratamentos utilizados. No experimento 2, os resultados antes da aplicação sequencial (B) não foram eficientes no controle do capim-amargoso, entretanto aos 35 dias após aplicação B, os tratamentos com as doses de haloxyfop-methyl a partir de 100 g i.a. ha-1 associado ao herbicida clethodim + glyphosate (Aplicação B) foram eficientes no seu controle com consequente diminuição da massa seca. Conclui-se que a aplicação única de graminicidas não foi eficaz no controle do capim-amargoso em pleno florescimento, sendo necessário a aplicação sequencial (A + B) para promover o controle adequado.The sourgrass is a difficult plant to control, because the vegetative survival characteristics and mainly because the glyphosate resistance. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of grass herbicides to control the perennial sourgrass in full flowering growth stage. It were installed two field experiments, in the first experiment, it was tested 4 graminicides in a single application and rate the percentage of control at 14 and 28 DAA. In the second experiment, it was applied 17 treatments (application A) and after 35 days it was sprayed the sequential application using clethodim + glyphosate (Application B), in this experiment it was evaluated the percentage of control at 14, 28 and 35 days of the first (A) and the second application (B), as well the dry biomass. In the first experiment, none treatment provided acceptable control using the single application. In the second experiment, the results showed that the first application also were not effective to control the sourgrass, however 35 days after the sequential application (B), the treatment using haloxyfop-methyl at 100 g a.i ha-1 associated with herbicide clethodim were efficient to control perennial sourgrass and consequently decreased their dry weight. The results showed that only one application of graminicides was not effective to control perennial sourgrass at full flowering, being necessary a sequential application (A + B) to efficiently provide the complete control at this growth stage

ANÁLISE DA ARBORIZAÇÃO VIÁRIA E INFRAESTRUTURA URBANA NA RUA JOUBERT DE CARVALHO, MARINGÁ/PR

The urban forestry on street is one aspect of urban ambience, whose importance is related to the chemical, physical, landscape, psychological, ecological, pedological, hydrological, atmospheric and acoustic funsction. But, often, the urban trees share space with urban infrastructure and can cause conflicts. The compatibility of afforestation with urban infrastructure (poles, inlets, trash cans, sidewalks) is a task that requires research, planning and management. In this context, we analyze the street tree and its relation to urban infrastructure in Joubert de Carvalho Street, in the city of Maringá, state of Paraná, South of Brazil. The methodological procedures comprised two phases: site characterization and qualyquantitative survey. The results showed that in the studied area there are 116 tree species, which 44% are species Sibipiruna (pluviosa Poincianella var. Peltophoroides (Benth) LP Queiroz) and 19% of Jacaranda (Jacaranda mimosifolia D. Don) species. 13 missing spaces of trees were identified. It was concluded that 66.00% of the trees do not cause conflicts with urban infrastructure. However, the highest levels of conflict are poles with (6.0%), buildings (8.0%) and overhead lines (11.0%).A arborização de acompanhamento viário é um dos aspectos da ambiência urbana, cuja importância está relacionada à função química, física, paisagística, psicológica, ecológica, pedológica, hidrológica, atmosférica e acústica. Porém, muitas vezes, as árvores dividem espaços com a infraestrutura urbana e, podem causar conflitos. A compatibilização da arborização com a infraestrutura urbana (postes, bocas de lobo, lixeiras, calçadas) é uma tarefa que exige estudos, planejamento e gestão. Neste contexto, teve por objetivo analisar a arborização viária e sua relação com a infraestrutura urbana na Rua Joubert de Carvalho na cidade de Maringá/PR. Os procedimentos metodológicos compreenderam duas etapas: caracterização do local e levantamento qualiquantitativo. Os resultados permitiram concluir que na área pesquisada existem 116 indivíduos arbóreos, dos quais 44% são da espécie Sibipiruna (Poincianella pluviosa var. peltophoroides (Benth.) L. P. Queiroz) e 19% da espécie Jacarandá (Jacaranda mimosifolia D. Don). Foram identificados 13 espaços ausentes de árvores. Concluiu-se que 66,00% das árvores não causam conflitos com a infraestrutura urbana. Entretanto, os maiores índices de conflitos são com postes (6,00%), edificações (8,00%) e fiação aérea (11,00%)

Physicomechanical Properties of Tertiary Monoblock in Endodontics: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

Introduction: A systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted to evaluate the physicomechanical properties of tertiary monoblock obturation with different obturation techniques. Methods and Materials: PubMed (MEDLINE), Web of Science, Scopus, the Cochrane Library, LILACS, IBECS, and BBO were searched time. PICO question was: “In extracted human teeth (Population), does tertiary monoblock obturation (Intervention) have superior physicomechanical properties (Outcome) compared to conventional obturation systems (Comparison)?”. Statistical analyses for push-out bond strength were performed with RevMan software by comparing the mean differences of each study, with a 95% confidence interval. Inverse variance was used as statistical method, random-effects models as analysis model, and heterogeneity between studies was assessed by Cochran’s Q test and I2 statistic (P &lt;0.05). Results: Of 2162 studies retrieved, 31 were included in this review for “Study Characteristics”. Ten studies were included in the meta-analysis. Analysis demonstrated that conventional obturation had significantly higher push-out bond strength than tertiary monoblock obturation (P &lt;0 .01), with a mean difference of −1.00 (95% CI, −1.41 to −0.58; I2=100%). Subgroups using single-cone and cold lateral condensation techniques showed significantly lower push-out bond strength for tertiary monoblock obturation (P &lt;0.01), respectively with a mean difference of −0.09 (95% CI, −1.13 to −0.67; I2=97%) and of −1.97 (95% CI, −3.19 to −0.75; I2=100%). The warm vertical compaction subgroup showed no statistically significant difference between tertiary monoblock and conventional systems (P =0.13), with a mean difference of 0.49 (95% CI, −0.14 to 1.12; I2=10%). Conclusion: Tertiary monoblock systems have a push-out bond strength similar to conventional systems when used with warm vertical compaction

ESTIMATIVA DE ÁREA FOLIAR DE TAMARILHO ATRAVÉS DE EQUAÇÕES LINEARES

Objetivou-se avaliar diferentes modelos não destrutivos de estimativa da área foliar de tamarilho através de medidas do comprimento (C) e largura do limbo foliar (L). Amostraram-se folhas de tamarilho totalizando 100 folhas, das quais 50 foram utilizadas para se construir os modelos e as outras 50 folhas foram utilizadas para validação das equações de área foliar estimada (AFest). A área real das folhas foram obtidas através do software ImageJ. Correlações foram realizadas entre a área foliar obtida pelo software com as dimensões lineares de L e C e além dessas correlações foram utilizadas regressões lineares múltiplas. Quatro modelos matemáticos foram obtidos através de regressões lineares simples e múltiplas. As equações AFest= 23,56L+9,97C+54,27 e AFest = 0,70CL+54,27 foram eficientes para estimar a área foliar de Tamarilho, no entanto, pode-se utilizar com alta precisão a equação AFest = 37,83L- 274,71 devido a facilidade prática de uso

Hazardous elements in the soil of urban cemeteries; constructive solutions aimed at sustainability

Urban cemeteries on a global scale raise concerns due to their potential to concentrate differing levels of hazardous pollutants in their native soils due to the unnatural concentration of burials in a limited space. It is paramount for sustainability that designers of future cemeteries take this into account in order to minimize the deposition and movement of these contaminants within the soil profile. The objective of this manuscript is to identify the levels of certain hazardous element contamination, specifically heavy metals, in the soil of horizontal urban cemeteries that do not utilize herbicides for weed control. In this, solutions were sought for the construction of future urban cemeteries capable of mitigating further contamination of the environment by the increase in interments. The soils of three urban cemeteries (A, B and C) in the Brazilian city of Carazinho, in Rio Grande do Sul State, were sampled with 5 monitoring points in the internal area and 5 points in the external area of the cemeteries. At each point, 3 replications were performed at two depths (0-20 and 20-40 cm), totaling 180 samples in all, to determine the concentration of the following metals: copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), lead (Pb), and chromium (Cr) (g kg-1). In addition, online interviews with 15 architects who design cemeteries were conducted. Architectural design solutions to mitigate environmental contamination were modeled utilizing the Building Information Modeling system (BIM). The results showed an excess of Cu in the soil of cemeteries A, B and C, surpassing the standards allowed by Brazilian federal regulations. A total of 80% of the interviewed architects expressed their preference for the vertical cemetery, with gas and effluent treatment systems to mitigate environmental impacts