Españoles, indígenas, mestizos

Die vorliegende Masterarbeit mit dem Titel „Spanier, Indigene, Mestizen: Identitäten im kolonialen Chile“ behandelt folgende Themen: soziale Unterschiede, das Casta-System und die Bildung von Identitäten in der Kolonialzeit in Chile. Unter Kolonialzeit versteht man die Zeit zwischen der Schlacht in Curalaba und der Regierungsjunta im Jahre 1810. Die Arbeit analysiert im ersten Teil die wichtigsten Termini zum Verständnis des Themas, wie Identität, Alterität und „Mestizaje“ (Mestizierung). Im Anschluss daran wird das Verwaltungssystem und dessen Institutionen in Chile beschrieben, auch die kulturellen Einflüsse aus Spanien spielen auch eine wichtige Rolle in diesem zweiten Teil. Der Hauptteil untersucht die rechtlichen und sozialen Richtlinien, die die Struktur der Gesellschaft normierten und die Wirkung dieser auf Status, Zusammenleben, Heiratsmöglichkeiten und Beruf in der kolonialen Gesellschaft in Chile. Außerdem werden Elemente veranschaulicht, die zentral für die vorher erwähnten Kategorien sind, wie zum Beispiel die Kleidung beim Status, die „pueblos de indios“ (Dörfer, in denen nur indigene Bevölkerung leben sollte) beim Zusammenleben, die „calidad“ (also, die Beschaffenheit eines Menschen, bzw. all die Charakteristika wie Herkunft, Familienstand, Reichtum, Ehre) bei den Heiratsmöglichkeiten und die Aufteilung der Arbeitsfelder je nach Gruppenzugehörigkeit beim Beruf. Jede dieser Kategorien beinhaltet einen Abschnitt, der das Leben in der „Frontera“ (das ist die Gegend im Süden Chiles, in der Spanier und Mapuche zusammenlebten und um die Vorherrschaft kämpften) darstellt. Zu all den Themen wurden Urkunden und Anordnungen, Chroniken und Berichte von Soldaten und Reisenden, Briefe und Verhandlungsprotokolle des „Cabildo“ (städtische Verwaltung) und der „parlamentos“ (Versammlungen mit den Mapuche) analysiert. Ziel dieser Arbeit ist es zu untersuchen, inwiefern die Bestimmungen und Normen die Identitätsbildung beeinflusst haben, und die Möglichkeit einer kolletiven Identität für jede (im Titel genannte) soziale Gruppe zu erkunden. Es wird aus der Studie geschlossen, dass es keine kollektive Identität für jede Gruppe gab, aber dass es auf jeden Fall Unterschiede zwischen ihnen gab, die nicht immer klar definiert werden konnten. Die Grenzen zwischen den Gruppen konnten von denen überschritten werden, die gelernt hatten, die Vorschriften und Regelungen aus Spanien zu umgehen.The present master’s thesis with the title “Spaniards, indigene, mestizos: identities in colonial Chile” is about social differences, the caste system and the formation of identities in the colonial era in Chile. This era covers the time between the disaster of Curalaba and the First Government Junta. The first part examines the most important terms for the understanding of the topic, like identity, alterity or otherness and “mestizaje”. The administrative system in Chile and its institutions and the cultural influences of Spain in the New World are then delineated. The main part studies the legal and social regulations that defined the structure of society. The impact of these regulations in relation to status, co-existence, marriage and occupation in the colonial Chilean society has been analysed and various essential elements of the previous categories are also described, like the different kinds of clothing in status, the “pueblos de indios” (villages created for indigenous peoples, so they could live amongst themselves) in the topic of co-existence, “calidad” (qualities of people, like their origin, honour, wealth) in marriage and the distribution of jobs for every social group in the topic of occupation. In every category there is a section that discusses the “Frontera” (the area where Spaniards and Mapuche lived together and where they fought against each other for this territory). The research for this thesis comprised the analysis of royal decrees and dispositions, chronicles and reports of soldiers and travellers, letters and journals of the “Cabildo” (city council) and the “parlamentos” (official meetings between Spaniards and Mapuche). The aim of this master’s thesis is to investigate in which way the ordinances and social stipulations influenced the formation of the identity of every person and also to contemplate the possibility of the existence of a collective identity for every social group mentioned in the title. Concluding, it is possible to say that there wasn’t a collective identity for every group, but there were many distinctions between them. However, these differences weren’t clearly delimited, in fact, the borderlines between them could be crossed by those, who had learnt how to avoid the regulations sent from Spain to the New World

Molecular epidemiology of Listeria monocytogenes isolated from different sources in Brazil

Listeria monocytogenes is an important foodborne pathogen that primarily affects pregnant women, neonates, the elderly and immune-compromised individuals, and it may cause abortion, septicemia, and meningitis. From the 13 capsular groups described, serotypes 4b, 1/2b and 1/2a are most closely related to human infection. For this reason, serotyping has limited value as an epidemiological tool; thus, improved discriminatory typing methods are required to enhance knowledge of L. monocytogenes contamination and infection. The aim of this study was to characterize the genetic diversity of L. monocytogenes isolates in the pork processing industry in Sao Paulo, Brazil and human infection isolates by ERICPCR and single enzyme AFLP. Serotypes 1/2c and 4b were frequent among isolates from pork and slaughterhouse/market environments, whereas serotypes 4b and 1/2a were observed among human isolates. ERIC-PCR and AFLP revealed 34 and 31 distinct profiles, respectively, which had tendencies of separation according to serogroup and isolate origin. The genetic profiles from slaughterhouse and market environments suggest the possibility of different sources of Listeria contamination in the environment, although in certain cases, continuous contamination caused by the persistence of clonal strains is also a possibility.Listeria monocytogenes é um importante patógeno de origem alimentar que afeta principalmente grávidas, neonatos, idosos e indivíduos imunocomprometidos, e pode causar abortamento, septicemia e meningite. Dos 13 grupos capsulares descritos, os sorotipos 4b, 1/2b e 1/2a são os mais relacionados à infecção humana. Por esta razão, a sorotipagem possui valor limitado como ferramenta epidemiológica e, dessa forma, métodos mais discriminatórios são necessários para melhorar o conhecimento sobre a contaminação e a infecção por L. monocytogenes. O objetivo deste estudo foi caracterizar a diversidade genética de isolados de L. monocytogenes da indústria de processamento de carne suína no Estado de São Paulo, Brasil, e compará-los a isolados de casos de infecção humana através do ERIC-PCR e AFLP com uma única enzima. Os sorotipos 1/2c e 4b foram frequentes em carne suína e ambientes de abatedouros e mercados, enquanto os sorotipos 4b e 1/2a foram observados nos isolados de humanos. ERIC-PCR e AFLP resultaram em 34 e 31 perfis distintos, respectivamente, com uma tendência a separar de acordo com o sorogrupo e a origem do isolado. Os perfis genéticos de ambiente dos abatedouros e mercados sugerem a possibilidade de diferentes origens de contaminação por Listeria nos ambientes estudados, porém, em alguns casos, é possível que ocorra a persistência de cepas clonais causando contaminação contínua

Characterization of antibiotic resistance in Listeria spp. isolated from slaughterhouse environments, pork and human infections

Introduction: Listeria species are susceptible to most antibiotics. However, over the last decade, increasing reports of multidrug-resistant Listeria spp. from various sources have prompted public health concerns. The objective of this study was to characterize the antibiotic susceptibility of Listeria spp. and the genetic mechanisms that confer resistance. Methodology: Forty-six Listeria spp. isolates were studied, and their minimal inhibitory concentrations of antibiotics were determined by microdilution using Sensititre standard susceptibility MIC plates. The isolates were screened for the presence of gyrA, parC, lde, lsa(A), lnu(A), and mprF by PCR, and the amplified genes were sequenced. Results: All isolates were susceptible to penicillin, ampicillin, tetracycline, erythromycin, and carbapenems. Resistance to clindamycin, daptomycin, and oxacillin was found among L. monocytogenes and L. innocua, and all species possessed at least intermediate resistance to fluoroquinolones. GyrA, parC, and mprF were detected in all isolates; however, mutations were found only in gyrA sequences. A high daptomycin MIC, as reported previously, was observed, suggesting an intrinsic resistance of Listeria spp. to daptomycin. Conclusions: These results are consistent with reports of emerging resistance in Listeria spp. and emphasize the need for further genotypic characterization of antibiotic resistance in this genusFAPESP, 2010/19005-4CAPE

Study of Spin and Decay-Plane Correlations of W Bosons in the e+e- -> W+W- Process at LEP

Data collected at LEP at centre-of-mass energies \sqrt(s) = 189 - 209 GeV are used to study correlations of the spin of W bosons using e+e- -> W+W- -> lnqq~ events. Spin correlations are favoured by data, and found to agree with the Standard Model predictions. In addition, correlations between the W-boson decay planes are studied in e+e- -> W+W- -> lnqq~ and e+e- -> W+W- -> qq~qq~ events. Decay-plane correlations, consistent with zero and with the Standard Model predictions, are measured

Ultrarelativistic sources in nonlinear electrodynamics

The fields of rapidly moving sources are studied within nonlinear electrodynamics by boosting the fields of sources at rest. As a consequence of the ultrarelativistic limit the delta-like electromagnetic shock waves are found. The character of the field within the shock depends on the theory of nonlinear electrodynamics considered. In particular, we obtain the field of an ultrarelativistic charge in the Born-Infeld theory.Comment: 10 pages, 3 figure

Measurement of the Cross Section for Open-Beauty Production in Photon-Photon Collisions at LEP

The cross section for open-beauty production in photon-photon collisions is measured using the whole high-energy and high-luminosity data sample collected by the L3 detector at LEP. This corresponds to 627/pb of integrated luminosity for electron-positron centre-of-mass energies from 189GeV to 209GeV. Events containing b quarks are identified through their semi-leptonic decay into electrons or muons. The e+e- -> e+e-b b~X cross section is measured within our fiducial volume and then extrapolated to the full phase space. These results are found to be in significant excess with respect to Monte Carlo predictions and next-to-leading order QCD calculations

Functional Expression of the Extracellular Calcium Sensing Receptor (CaSR) in Equine Umbilical Cord Matrix Size-Sieved Stem Cells

The present study investigates the effects of high external calcium concentration ([Ca(2+)](o)) and the calcimimetic NPS R-467, a known calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) agonist, on growth/proliferation of two equine size-sieved umbilical cord matrix mesenchymal stem cell (eUCM-MSC) lines. The involvement of CaSR on observed cell response was analyzed at both the mRNA and protein level.A large (>8 µm in diameter) and a small (<8 µm) cell line were cultured in medium containing: 1) low [Ca(2+)](o) (0.37 mM); 2) high [Ca(2+)](o) (2.87 mM); 3) NPS R-467 (3 µM) in presence of high [Ca(2+)](o) and 4) the CaSR antagonist NPS 2390 (10 µM for 30 min.) followed by incubation in presence of NPS R-467 in medium with high [Ca(2+)](o). Growth/proliferation rates were compared between groups. In large cells, the addition of NPS R-467 significantly increased cell growth whereas increasing [Ca(2+)](o) was not effective in this cell line. In small cells, both higher [Ca(2+)](o) and NPS R-467 increased cell growth. In both cell lines, preincubation with the CaSR antagonist NPS 2390 significantly inhibited the agonistic effect of NPS R-467. In both cell lines, increased [Ca(2+)](o) and/or NPS R-467 reduced doubling time values.Treatment with NPS R-467 down-regulated CaSR mRNA expression in both cell lines. In large cells, NPS R-467 reduced CaSR labeling in the cytosol and increased it at cortical level.In conclusion, calcium and the calcimimetic NPS R-467 reduce CaSR mRNA expression and stimulate cell growth/proliferation in eUCM-MSC. Their use as components of media for eUCM-MSC culture could be beneficial to obtain enough cells for down-stream purposes

Determination of the number of light neutrino species from single photon production at LEP

A determination of the number of light neutrino families performed by measuring the cross section of single photon production in \ee\ collision near the \Zo\ resonance is reported. From an integrated luminosity of $100~\mathrm{pb^{-1}}$, collected during the years 1991--94, we have observed 2091 single photon candidates with an energy above 1~\GeV\ in the polar angular region $45^\circ < \theta_\gamma < 135^\circ$. From a maximum likelihood fit to the single photon cross section, the \Zo\ decay width into invisible particles is measured to be \Ginv = 498 \pm 12 \mathrm{(stat)} \pm 12 \mathrm{(sys)~MeV}. Using the Standard Model couplings of neutrinos to the \Zo, the number of light neutrino species is determined to be $N_\nu = 2.98 \pm 0.07 (\mathrm{stat}) \pm 0.07 (\mathrm{sys}).