Tamizaje de cardiopatías congénitas

Congenital heart diseases are structural anomalies of the heart characterized by being the most frequent malformations in addition to being an important cause of infant and prenatal mortality. There is solid evidence that has shown pulse oximetry to be an effective tool for early recognition in critical cases after 24 hours of birth and before 48 hours; increasing the possibility of a clinical evolution to improve the patient, this test has been recognized as "neonatal screening for congenital heart disease".Las cardiopatías congénitas son anomalías estructurales del corazón caracterizadas por ser las malformaciones más frecuente además de constituir una importante causa de mortalidad infantil y prenatal.  Existen evidencias solidas que han demostrado la realización de pulsioximetria como una herramienta efectiva para su reconocimiento temprano en casos críticos después de 24 horas de nacido y antes de 48 horas; incrementando la posibilidad de una evolución clínica a mejoría del paciente, dicha prueba ha sido reconocida como “tamizaje neonatal de cardiopatías congénitas”

Virus del papiloma humano, respuesta inmune y cáncer cervical: una relación compleja Human papillomavirus, immune response and cervical cancer: a complex relationship

El cáncer de cuello uterino se considera como un grave problema de salud pública con una alta incidencia en los países en desarrollo. La infección, permanencia y replicación del virus de papiloma humano (HPV, por sus siglas en inglés) de alto riesgo a nivel cervical están relacionadas con el desarrollo del cáncer de cuello uterino. En condiciones normales, el sistema inmune es capaz de controlar y eliminar la infección por acción de la inmunidad innata, la activación de una respuesta tipo celular y la creación de anticuerpos dirigidos principalmente a las proteínas de la cápside del virión (L1 y L2). A pesar de toda la maquinaria de protección inmune del hospedero, el virus posee estrategias de evasión, conservando un número reducido de copias en las células basales proliferantes y aprovechando la corta vida natural del queratinocito. En esta revisión se tratarán los diferentes mecanismos inmunológicos del hospedero en la respuesta a la infección por el HPV.Cervical cancer is considered to be a serious public health problem having a high incidence in developing countries. High-risk cervical human papillomavirus (HPV) infection, permanence and replication are closely related to the development of cervical cancer. The immune system is able to control and clear such infection in normal conditions by innate immunity action, activating a cellular response and creating antibodies, mainly directed against virion capsid proteins (L1 and L2). In spite of the host’s entire immune protection machinery, the virus can take evasion strategies, maintaining a reduced number of copies in proliferating base cells and taking advantage of the keratinocyte’s short natural life. This review attempts to show the host’s different immunological mechanisms elicited in response to HPV infection

Diminishing benefits of urban living for children and adolescents’ growth and development

Optimal growth and development in childhood and adolescence is crucial for lifelong health and well-being1–6. Here we used data from 2,325 population-based studies, with measurements of height and weight from 71 million participants, to report the height and body-mass index (BMI) of children and adolescents aged 5–19 years on the basis of rural and urban place of residence in 200 countries and territories from 1990 to 2020. In 1990, children and adolescents residing in cities were taller than their rural counterparts in all but a few high-income countries. By 2020, the urban height advantage became smaller in most countries, and in many high-income western countries it reversed into a small urban-based disadvantage. The exception was for boys in most countries in sub-Saharan Africa and in some countries in Oceania, south Asia and the region of central Asia, Middle East and north Africa. In these countries, successive cohorts of boys from rural places either did not gain height or possibly became shorter, and hence fell further behind their urban peers. The difference between the age-standardized mean BMI of children in urban and rural areas was <1.1 kg m–2 in the vast majority of countries. Within this small range, BMI increased slightly more in cities than in rural areas, except in south Asia, sub-Saharan Africa and some countries in central and eastern Europe. Our results show that in much of the world, the growth and developmental advantages of living in cities have diminished in the twenty-first century, whereas in much of sub-Saharan Africa they have amplified