Impact of agricultural practices on veterinary pharmaceutical occurrence in superficial waters

International audienceDiffuse contamination of surface water by veterinary pharmaceuticals (VP) has been poorly studied in intensive breeding context. Recycling animal waste on soil is supported to fertilize crops and reduce utilization of mineral fertilizer but may have some environmental impact by recycling pollutants on soils and transferring pollutants from soils to rivers. Most of pharmaceuticals are consumed indifferently by human and animal, especially antibiotics. This study aims to quantify veterinary pharmaceuticals (VP) in superficial water in two agricultural catchments. One is dedicated to the production of drinkable water. Agriculture but also waste water treatment plant may contribute to the contamination of water and it is difficult to distinguish animal versus human source of contamination

Veterinary pharmaceutical contamination in mixed land use watersheds: from agricultural headwater to water monitoring watershed

International audienceVeterinary pharmaceuticals, widely used in intensive livestock production, may contaminate surface waters. Identifying their sources and pathways in watersheds is difficult because i) most veterinary pharmaceuticals are used in human medicine as well and ii) septic or sewer wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) can release pharmaceuticals into surface water, even in agricultural headwater watersheds. This study aimed to analyze the spatiotemporal variability of animal-specific, mixed-use, and human-specific pharmaceuticals, from agricultural headwaters with intensive livestock production and a WWTP to a watershed used for Water Framework Directive monitoring. Grab sampling was performed during one hydrological year upstream and downstream from a WWTP and at three dates in seven nested watersheds with areas of 1.9-84.1km2. Twenty pharmaceuticals were analyzed. Animal-specific pharmaceuticals were detected at all sampling dates upstream and downstream from the WWTP and at concentrations higher than those of human-specific pharmaceuticals. The predominance of animal-specific and mixed-use pharmaceuticals vs. human-specific pharmaceuticals observed at these sampling points was confirmed at the other sampling points. Animal-specific pharmaceuticals were detected mainly during runoff events and periods of manure spreading. A large percentage of mixed-use pharmaceuticals could come from animal sources, but it was difficult to determine. Mixed-use and human-specific pharmaceuticals predominated in the largest watersheds when runoff decreased. In areas of intensive livestock production, mitigation actions should focus on agricultural headwater watersheds to decrease the number of pathways and the transfer volume of veterinary pharmaceuticals, which can be the main contaminant

Comparison of cell wall chemical evolution during the development of fruits of two contrasting quality from two members of the Rosaceae family: Apple and sweet cherry

Cell wall composition was studied during the development of apple cultivars (14–161/182 days after full bloom, DAA) maintaining firm fruit (Ariane) or evolving to mealy texture (Rome Beauty) when ripe and in sweet cherry cultivars (21/26–70/75 DAA) to assess their skin-cracking susceptibility (tolerant Regina and susceptible Garnet). Pectin sugar composition and hemicellulose fine structure assessed by enzymatic degradation coupled to MALDI-TOF MS analysis were shown to vary markedly between apples and cherries during fruit development. Apple showed decreasing rhamnogalacturonan I (RGI) and increasing homogalacturonan (HG) pectic domain proportions from young to mature fruit. Hemicellulose-cellulose (HC) sugars peaked at the beginning of fruit expansion corresponding to the maximum cell wall content of glucose and mannose. In contrast, HG peaked very early in the cell wall of young developing cherries and remained constant until ripening whereas RGI content continuously increased. HC content decreased very early and remained low in cell walls. Only the low content of mannose and to a lesser extent fucose increased and then slowly decreased from the beginning of the fruit expansion phase. Hemicellulose structural profiling showed strong varietal differences between cherry cultivars. Both apples and cherries demonstrated a peak of glucomannan oligomers produced by β-glucanase hydrolysis of the cell wall at the onset of cell expansion. The different glucomannan contents and related oligomers released from cell walls are discussed with regard to the contribution of glucomannan to cell wall mechanical properties. These hemicellulose features may prove to be early markers of apple mealiness and cherry skin-cracking susceptibility

Comparison of cell wall chemical evolution during the development of fruits of two contrasting quality from two members of the Rosaceae family: Apple and sweet cherry

Cell wall composition was studied during the development of apple cultivars (14–161/182 days after full bloom, DAA) maintaining firm fruit (Ariane) or evolving to mealy texture (Rome Beauty) when ripe and in sweet cherry cultivars (21/26–70/75 DAA) to assess their skin-cracking susceptibility (tolerant Regina and susceptible Garnet). Pectin sugar composition and hemicellulose fine structure assessed by enzymatic degradation coupled to MALDI-TOF MS analysis were shown to vary markedly between apples and cherries during fruit development. Apple showed decreasing rhamnogalacturonan I (RGI) and increasing homogalacturonan (HG) pectic domain proportions from young to mature fruit. Hemicellulose-cellulose (HC) sugars peaked at the beginning of fruit expansion corresponding to the maximum cell wall content of glucose and mannose. In contrast, HG peaked very early in the cell wall of young developing cherries and remained constant until ripening whereas RGI content continuously increased. HC content decreased very early and remained low in cell walls. Only the low content of mannose and to a lesser extent fucose increased and then slowly decreased from the beginning of the fruit expansion phase. Hemicellulose structural profiling showed strong varietal differences between cherry cultivars. Both apples and cherries demonstrated a peak of glucomannan oligomers produced by β-glucanase hydrolysis of the cell wall at the onset of cell expansion. The different glucomannan contents and related oligomers released from cell walls are discussed with regard to the contribution of glucomannan to cell wall mechanical properties. These hemicellulose features may prove to be early markers of apple mealiness and cherry skin-cracking susceptibility

Data on agronomic traits, biochemical composition of lipids, proteins and polysaccharides and rheological measurement in a brown mustard seed collection

International audienceThe data were collected from a brown mustard seeds collection of 18 accessions during two years and in three distinct sites of production in France. The 18 accessions of mustard seeds were selected to be representative of genetic, agronomical and technological variabilities. All accessions were produced in the "Bourgogne " area. This article describes agronomical data (PMG, yield), genotyping data, global composition of mustard seeds (lipids, proteins and polysaccharides) and fine composition of the previous macronutrients potentially involved in the technological properties (fatty acids, storage proteins and osidic composition of polysaccharides). Additional data regarding the potential rheological property of each accessions were also reported. These data can be reused by food industries, breeders and geneticists in order to understand pedoclimatic effects (year and location) and the relation between mustard seed composition and the end uses properties (paste mustard quality)

Effect of Cultivars, Environment, and Year on Agronomic Traits, Biochemical Composition of Major Constituents (Lipids, Proteins, and Polysaccharides), and Rheological Properties of Seeds in Brassica juncea

International audienceIn order to provide varieties of Brassica juncea that meet agronomic and technological qualities, it is necessary to define criteria that are predictive of the quality of the finished product. The objective of our study is to characterize the macromolecula r components of the mustard seed in order to identify the compositional profile responsible for the technological quality of mustard pastes. A collection of cultivars that maximizes genetic and technological diversity were grown on three plots and over two years. Our results showed (i) the impact of the genetic and pedoclimatic factors on seed macromolecular components and on rheological properties estimated by measuring the flow in a Bostwick consistometer, and (ii) the potential role of seed storage proteins and cell wall polysaccharides in the mustard paste consistency. Data analyses allow us to propose new criteria for evaluating the technological quality of seeds and to identify interesting genotypes as candidates for future breeding programs

La liberté de manifester et ses limites : perspective de droit comparé

Contributions au colloque international organisé dans le cadre de la Chaire Louis Favoreu tenu le 18 mars 2016 à la faculté de droit et de science politique d’Aix-en-Provence sous la direction d’Aurélie Duffy-Meunier, Maître de conférences à l’Université Paris II-Panthéon-Assas et de Thomas Perroud, Professeur à l’Université Paris II — Panthéon-Assas, avec les participations de Hubert Alcaraz et Olivier Lecucq, Charlotte Denizeau, Olivier Le Bot, Lucie Lemonde, Karine Roudier, Grenfieth de J. Sierra Cadena.International audienceLa liberté de manifester connaît aujourd’hui une très forte actualité, et ce dans le monde entier. Pourtant, elle doit subir de très fortes limitations aussi bien dans les pays en transition démocratique que dans les pays occidentaux. Depuis Hong-kong, jusqu’aux pays d’Afrique du Nord(Printemps arabes), à la Turquie, à l’Ukraine, aux États-Unis et au Royaume-Uni avec Occupy, au Canada, à l’Espagne avec les Indignés, et à laFrance, partout cette liberté connaît des revers.L’état d’urgence, l’ordre public immatériel, la privatisation de l’espace public, la volonté de faire payer les manifestations pour les dégâts qu’elles génèrent, et les nouvelles méthodes policières constituent autant de menaces. En France, des manifestations pro-palestiniennes ont été interdites en juillet 2014. Plus récemment encore, une manifestation du mouvement d’extrême droite «Pegida» devant se tenir le 6 février 2016 à Calais a également fait l’objet d’une interdiction. Par ailleurs, la loi du 21 juillet 2016 adoptée après les attentats de Nice permet d’interdire plus facilement les manifestations dans le cadre de l’état d’urgence. En Pologne, après les manifestations dans l’ensemble du pays pour défendre le droit à l’avortement, le gouvernement conservateur entend restreindre cette liberté1. En Espagne, la municipalité de Madrid a tenté d’utiliser la réglementation applicable au déroulement des scrutins électoraux en 2015 pour interdire les manifestations des Indignés.Au-delà de l’Europe, au Canada, les manifestations ayant eu lieu lors de la grève étudiante du printemps 2012 témoignent également des restrictions apportées à la liberté de manifester.Au-delà même de ces réponses ponctuelles, le mouvement Occupy a montré l’impact de la privatisation de l’espace public à New York et à Londres sur la tenue des manifestations. Dès lors que les grands développements urbanistiques sont aujourd’hui le fait d’entreprises privées qui possèdent ces espaces, le régime de la propriété privée s’étend sur l’espace public

La liberté de manifester et ses limites : perspective de droit comparé

Contributions au colloque international organisé dans le cadre de la Chaire Louis Favoreu tenu le 18 mars 2016 à la faculté de droit et de science politique d’Aix-en-Provence sous la direction d’Aurélie Duffy-Meunier, Maître de conférences à l’Université Paris II-Panthéon-Assas et de Thomas Perroud, Professeur à l’Université Paris II — Panthéon-Assas, avec les participations de Hubert Alcaraz et Olivier Lecucq, Charlotte Denizeau, Olivier Le Bot, Lucie Lemonde, Karine Roudier, Grenfieth de J. Sierra Cadena.International audienceLa liberté de manifester connaît aujourd’hui une très forte actualité, et ce dans le monde entier. Pourtant, elle doit subir de très fortes limitations aussi bien dans les pays en transition démocratique que dans les pays occidentaux. Depuis Hong-kong, jusqu’aux pays d’Afrique du Nord(Printemps arabes), à la Turquie, à l’Ukraine, aux États-Unis et au Royaume-Uni avec Occupy, au Canada, à l’Espagne avec les Indignés, et à laFrance, partout cette liberté connaît des revers.L’état d’urgence, l’ordre public immatériel, la privatisation de l’espace public, la volonté de faire payer les manifestations pour les dégâts qu’elles génèrent, et les nouvelles méthodes policières constituent autant de menaces. En France, des manifestations pro-palestiniennes ont été interdites en juillet 2014. Plus récemment encore, une manifestation du mouvement d’extrême droite «Pegida» devant se tenir le 6 février 2016 à Calais a également fait l’objet d’une interdiction. Par ailleurs, la loi du 21 juillet 2016 adoptée après les attentats de Nice permet d’interdire plus facilement les manifestations dans le cadre de l’état d’urgence. En Pologne, après les manifestations dans l’ensemble du pays pour défendre le droit à l’avortement, le gouvernement conservateur entend restreindre cette liberté1. En Espagne, la municipalité de Madrid a tenté d’utiliser la réglementation applicable au déroulement des scrutins électoraux en 2015 pour interdire les manifestations des Indignés.Au-delà de l’Europe, au Canada, les manifestations ayant eu lieu lors de la grève étudiante du printemps 2012 témoignent également des restrictions apportées à la liberté de manifester.Au-delà même de ces réponses ponctuelles, le mouvement Occupy a montré l’impact de la privatisation de l’espace public à New York et à Londres sur la tenue des manifestations. Dès lors que les grands développements urbanistiques sont aujourd’hui le fait d’entreprises privées qui possèdent ces espaces, le régime de la propriété privée s’étend sur l’espace public

Effect of Cultivars, Environment, and Year on Agronomic Traits, Biochemical Composition of Major Constituents (Lipids, Proteins, and Polysaccharides), and Rheological Properties of Seeds in <i>Brassica juncea</i>

In order to provide varieties of Brassica juncea that meet agronomic and technological qualities, it is necessary to define criteria that are predictive of the quality of the finished product. The objective of our study is to characterize the macromolecular components of the mustard seed in order to identify the compositional profile responsible for the technological quality of mustard pastes. A collection of cultivars that maximizes genetic and technological diversity were grown on three plots and over two years. Our results showed (i) the impact of the genetic and pedoclimatic factors on seed macromolecular components and on rheological properties estimated by measuring the flow in a Bostwick consistometer, and (ii) the potential role of seed storage proteins and cell wall polysaccharides in the mustard paste consistency. Data analyses allow us to propose new criteria for evaluating the technological quality of seeds and to identify interesting genotypes as candidates for future breeding programs

Comparison of kink-band structures and specificities of cell wall polysaccharides in modern and ancient flax fibres

International audienceFlax (Linum usitatissimum L.) is a plant of industrial importance, its fibres being presently used for high-value textile applications, composite reinforcements as well as natural actuators. Human interest in this fibre-rich plant dates back several millennia, including to Ancient Egypt where flax was used extensively in various quotidian items. While the recent technical developments of flax fibres continue to diversify through scientific research, the historical use of flax also has rich lessons for today. Through careful examination of ancient Egyptian and modern flax fibres, this study aims to conduct a multi-scale characterization from the yarn to the fibre cell wall scale, linking differences in structure and polysaccharide content to the mechanical performance and durability of flax. Here, a multi-scale biochemical study is enriched by scanning electron microscopy and nanomechanical investigations. A key finding is the similarity of cellulose features, crystallinity index and local mechanical performances between ancient and modern fibres. Biochemically speaking, monosaccharides analysis, deep-UV and NMR investigations demonstrate that ancient fibres exhibit less pectins but a similar hemicellulosic content, especially through uronic acids and galactose, suggesting the sensitivity of these non-crystalline components