ANÁLISE COMPARATIVA DA ATUALIZAÇÃO DA NORMA BRASILEIRA NBR 5626:2020 EM RELAÇÃO AS NORMAS NBR 5626:1998 E NBR 7198: 1993

Atualmente, duas importantes normas utilizadas para a construção civil foram atualizadas: a NBR 5626: 1998 e a NBR 7198:1993. Estas normas se fundiram em uma única normalização, a NBR 5626:2020. Como as normas não foram integralmente alteradas, o conhecimento e direcionamento a respeito das principais mudanças são essenciais para a atualização de projetos e custos, em um curto espaço de tempo. Perante essa importância estratégica, o presente estudo teve como objetivo realizar uma análise comparativa entre as normas NBR 5626:1998 e NBR 7198: 1993 com a NBR 5626:2020, de maneira a permitir uma melhor visualização da alteração do cenário da indústria construtiva, buscando analisar as vantagens e desvantagens dessas mudanças. Para o desenvolvimento do estudo foram levantados os principais requisitos das normalizações, sendo estes comparados com os novos requisitos verificados na NBR 5626:2020, analisando os principais impactos, vantagens e desvantagens, sob a ótica do mercado da construção civil. Com base nisso, observou-se quea atualização de 2020 ampliou suas normalizações para a manutenção dos sistemas, além de ter aprofundado e trazido diversos requisitos de ambos os sistemas (água fria e água quente) mais para perto da realidade brasileira. Assim, verificou-se dentre os tantos pontos analisados, que há mais vantagens do que desvantagens nesta atualização,proporcionando a facilitação da execução de projetos,instalações e manutenções

Anfíbios de Santa Isabel do Rio Negro, Amazônia Brasileira.

No presente estudo fornecemos uma lista de espécies de anfíbios de Santa Isabel do Rio Negro na Amazônia Brasileira. As amostragens foram realizadas de março a abril de 2012 em dois conjuntos de trilhas de 3 km de extensão, usando os seguintes métodos: (1) armadilhas de interceptação e queda com cerca direcionadora; (2) amostragens visuais e auditivas simultâneas; (3) encontros ocasionais. As trilhas foram instaladas ao norte (rio Daraá) e ao sul (rio Ayuanã) do rio Negro. Registramos 40 espécies de anuros e uma espécie de salamandra, pertencentes a 20 gêneros e nove famílias. A composição de espécies foi comparada com as de 16 outros estudos desenvolvidos nas áreas de endemismo Guiana, Imeri e Jaú, onde a riqueza de espécies variou de 21 a 63, e a similaridade, de 23 a 100%. A anurofauna das duas áreas estudadas foi mais similar à de Flota Faro, localizada na Amazônia Oriental, do que à de um sítio mais próximo, Departamento del Guainía, Colômbia. O índice de similaridade foi extremamente variável entre os sítios da mesma ou de distintas áreas de endemismo. Esse padrão também foi observado nas análises de agrupamento. Como esperado, áreas geograficamente mais próximas foram mais similares na composição da anurofauna. No entanto, a anurofauna do Parque Nacional do Jaú (área de endemismo Jaú) foi mais similar à de Manaus (área de endemismo Guiana) do que à do rio Ayuanã, que pretence à mesma área de endemismo que o Parque Nacional do Jaú. Os limites das áreas de endemismo podem ser melhor definidos para outros vertebrados terrestres, como aves e mamíferos, do que para anfíbios e répteis Squamata.A species list of amphibians from Santa Isabel do Rio Negro in Brazilian Amazonia is provided. Collections were made from March–April 2012 along each of two 3-km trails with the following sampling methods: (1) pitfall traps with drift fences; (2) visual and auditory surveys; and (3) chance encounters. The trail at Daraá is north of the Rio Negro, whereas the other in Ayuanã is south of the river. Forty species of anurans and one salamander species representing 20 genera and nine families were recorded. The species composition was compared with those of 16 other studies conducted in the Guiana, Imeri, and Jaú areas of endemism, where species richness varies from 21–63, and similarity indices range from 23–100%. The anuran fauna at our sites resembles that of Flota Faro in eastern Amazonia more than it does that of the nearest site in the Departamento del Guainía of Colombia. The index of similarity is extremely variable between sites of the same and distinct areas of endemism. This pattern also was observed in the cluster analysis. As expected, geographically close areas have similar faunal compositions. However, the anuran fauna of Parque Nacional do Jaú (Jaú area of endemism) resembles that of Manaus (Guiana area of endemism) more closely than it does that of the Ayuanã River, which belongs to the same area of endemism as Parque Nacional do Jaú. The limits of the areas of endemism are better defined by the presence / absence of other terrestrial vertebrates, such as birds and mammals, than by the assemblage of amphibians and squamate reptiles

Bottom-trawling fisheries influence on standing stocks, composition, diversity and trophic redundancy of macrofaunal assemblages from the West Iberian Margin

Bottom-trawling fisheries operating in Portugal (West Iberian Margin) impose one of the largest footprints per unit of biomass landed in European waters at depths greater than 200 m, affecting the seafloor integrity and the associated benthic fauna. To investigate how trawling pressure is affecting the macrofaunal assemblages, we compared the standing stock (abundance and biomass), community structure and taxonomical and trophic diversity in areas subjected to varying trawling pressure along the SW Portuguese upper slope, between 200 and 600 m. In addition to trawling pressure, several environmental variables, namely depth, grain size and organic matter, were correlated with the biological component, which suggest that the longstanding trawling pressure presents cumulative effects to the habitat heterogeneity known to characterise the West Iberian Margin fauna. Furthermore, our results showed a depletion of macro-infaunal abundances in both the fishing ground and the adjacent area (up to 3 times lower), when compared to the area not trawled. The observed decrease in abundance with increasing trawling pressure was also associated with a loss of species and trophic richness, but univariate diversity indices related with community structure (i.e. Shannon-Wiener index, Pielou's evenness) failed to detect consistent differences across areas. Also observed was a decrease in the number of taxa – trophic guilds combinations of the core assemblage (i.e. characteristic, dominant or frequent taxa) with increasing trawling pressure. We suggest that, in disturbed sediments, the lower functional redundancy resulting from the loss of species within most feeding guilds increases the vulnerability of trophic interactions and therefore of the whole assemblage to further increases in natural and anthropogenic disturbance or their synergistic effects.publishe

PROP1 and CTNNB1 expression in adamantinomatous craniopharyngiomas with or without β-catenin mutations

INTRODUCTION: Activating mutations in exon 3 of the β-catenin gene are involved in the pathogenesis of adamantinomatous craniopharyngiomas. Recently, the interaction between β-catenin and PROP1 has been shown to be responsible for pituitary cell lineage determination. We hypothesized that dysregulated PROP1 expression could also be involved in the pathogenesis of craniopharyngiomas OBJECTIVES: To determine whether dysregulated gene expression was responsible for tumor pathogenesis in adamantinomatous craniopharyngiomas, the β-catenin gene was screened for mutations, and the expression of the β-catenin gene and PROP1 was evaluated. β-catenin gene was amplified and sequenced from 14 samples of adamantinomatous craniopharyngiomas. PROP1 and β-catenin gene expression was assessed by real-time RT-PCR from 12 samples, and β-catenin immunohistochemistry was performed on 11 samples. RESULTS: Mutations in the β-catenin gene were identified in 64% of the adamantinomatous craniopharyngiomas samples. Evidence of β-catenin gene overexpression was found in 71% of the tumors with β-catenin mutations and in 40% of the tumors without mutations, and β-catenin immunohistochemistry revealed a nuclear staining pattern for each of the analyzed samples. PROP1 expression was undetectable in all of the tumor samples. CONCLUSION: We found evidence of β-catenin gene overexpression in the majority of adamantinomatous craniopharyngiomas, and we also detected a nuclear β-catenin staining pattern regardless of the presence of a bcatenin gene mutation. These results suggest that WNT signaling activation plays an important role in the pathogenesis of adamantinomatous craniopharyngiomas. Additionally, this study was the first to evaluate PROP1 expression in adamantinomatous craniopharyngiomas, and the absence of PROP1 expression indicates that this gene is not involved in the pathogenesis of this tumor, at least in this cohort

Activity-regulated cytoskeleton-associated protein controls AMPAR endocytosis through a direct interaction with clathrin-adaptor protein 2

The activity-regulated cytoskeleton-associated (Arc) protein controls synaptic strength by facilitating AMPA receptor (AMPAR) endocytosis. Here we demonstrate that Arc targets AMPAR to be internalized through a direct interaction with the clathrin-adaptor protein 2 (AP-2). We show that Arc overexpression in dissociated hippocampal neurons obtained from C57BL/6 mouse reduces the density of AMPAR GluA1 subunits at the cell surface and reduces the amplitude and rectification of AMPAR-mediated miniature-EPSCs (mEPSCs). Mutations of Arc, that prevent the AP-2 interaction reduce Arc-mediated endocytosis of GluA1 and abolish the reduction in AMPAR-mediated mEPSC amplitude and rectification. Depletion of the AP-2 subunit µ2 blocks the Arc-mediated reduction in mEPSC amplitude, an effect that is restored by reintroducing µ2. The Arc-AP-2 interaction plays an important role in homeostatic synaptic scaling as the Arc-dependent decrease in mEPSC amplitude, induced by a chronic increase in neuronal activity, is inhibited by AP-2 depletion. These data provide a mechanism to explain how activity-dependent expression of Arc decisively controls the fate of AMPAR at the cell surface and modulates synaptic strength, via the direct interaction with the endocytic clathrin adaptor AP-2

O ensino de comunicação em enfermagem: um desafio

The use of video has been described in the literature as favourable to changes in behaviours during communication. This study aimed at verifying the effect of a training programme in the use of categories of confirmation and discordance during the interaction (oral communication) between students and patients. The results evidenced the predominance of confirmation categories in interactions: there were no significant changes in the interaction profile before and after training. Authors concluded that the teaching of communication abilities has to be done during the undergraduate course and not only in one course or period.El uso del video ha sido descrito en la literatura como favorable a los cambios de comportamientos durante la comunicación. Este estudio buscó verificar el efecto de un entrenamiento en el empleo de categorías de confirmación y desconfirmación durante la interacción (comunicación oral) entre alumno y paciente hospitalizado. Los resultados evidenciaron el predominio de las categorías de confirmación en las interacciones: no hubo cambios significativas en el perfil de interacción antes y después del entrenamiento. Concluimos que la enseñanza de habilidades comunicativas debe ser hecha durante todo el curso de graduación y no puede ser de la responsabilidad solamente de una disciplina o período.O uso do vídeo tem sido descrito na literatura como favorável a mudanças de comportamentos durante a comunicação. Este estudo buscou verificar o efeito de um treinamento no emprego de categorias de confirmação e desconfirmação durante a interação (comunicação oral) entre aluno e paciente hospitalizado. Os resultados evidenciaram predomíno das categorias de confirmação nas interações; não houve mudanças significativas no perfil interacional antes e após o treinamento. Conclui-se que o ensino de habilidades comunicativas deva ser feito ao longo de todo o curso de graduação e não ser da responsabilidade apenas de uma disciplina ou período

Tissue distribution of DNA-Hsp65/TDM-loaded PLGA microspheres and uptake by phagocytic cells

This study aimed to demonstrate that microspheres, used as delivery vehicle of DNA-Hsp65/TDM [plasmid DNA encoding heat shock protein 65 (Hsp65) coencapsulated with trehalose dimycolate (TDM) into PLGA microspheres], are widely spread among several organs after intramuscular administration in BALB/c mice. In general, we showed that these particles were phagocytosed by antigen presenting cells, such as macrophages and dendritic cells. Besides, it was demonstrated herein that draining lymph node cells presented a significant increase in the number of cells expressing costimulatory molecules (CD80 and CD86) and MHC class II, and also that the administration of the DNA-Hsp65/TDM and vector/TDM formulations resulted in the up-regulation of CD80, CD86 and MHC class II expression when compared to control formulations (vector/TDM and empty). Regarding the intracellular trafficking we observed that following phagocytosis, the microspheres were not found in the late endosomes and/or lysosomes, until 15 days after internalization, and we suggest that these constructions were hydrolysed in early compartments. Overall, these data expand our knowledge on PLGA [poly (lactic-co- glycolic acid)] microspheres as gene carriers in vaccination strategies, as well as open perspectives for their potential use in clinical practice

B cells Can Modulate the CD8 Memory T Cell after DNA Vaccination Against Experimental Tuberculosis

Abstract\ud \ud \ud \ud Background\ud \ud Although B cells are important as antigen presenting cells (APC) during the immune response, their role in DNA vaccination models is unknown.\ud \ud \ud \ud Methods\ud \ud In this study in vitro and in vivo experiments were performed to evaluate the ability of B cells to protect mice against Mycobacterium tuberculosis challenge.\ud \ud \ud \ud Results\ud \ud \ud In vitro and in vivo studies showed that B cells efficiently present antigens after naked plasmid pcDNA3 encoding M. leprae 65-kDa heat shock protein (pcDNA3-Hsp65) internalization and protect B knock-out (BKO) mice against Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. pcDNA3-Hsp65-transfected B cells adoptively transferred into BKO mice rescued the memory phenotypes and reduced the number of CFU compared to wild-type mice.\ud \ud \ud \ud Conclusions\ud \ud These data not only suggest that B cells play an important role in the induction of CD8 T cells but also that they improve bacterial clearance in DNA vaccine model.We are thankful to Ana Paula Masson and Izaíra T Brandão for providing the DNA vaccine and recombinant protein. This study was supported by a FAPESP fellowship (05/030873) to LPA.We are thankful to Ana Paula Masson and Izaíra T Brandão for providing the DNA vaccine and recombinant protein. This study was supported by a FAPESP fellowship (05/03087-3) to LPA

Extraction of bioactive compounds from Curcuma longa L. using deep eutectic solvents: in vitro and in vivo biological activities

In this work, deep eutectic solvents (DES-based menthol and cholinium chloride) and the ethanol, temperature, and times were selected to extract bioactive compounds from the rhizome, leaves, and flowers Curcuma longa L., using ultrasound-assisted extraction. Analyzes antioxidant, flavonoids, antimicrobial, chelation Fe2+, inhibition of the cholinesterase's enzymes, cytotoxicity, and genotoxicity in Allium cepa cells were performed. The extracts showed results of iron chelation and antibacterial. Curcuma flowers and leaves' extracts inhibited food spoilage bacteria with values above 45%, with substantial iron-chelating activity above 50%. Extracts obtained by DES based on menthol and lactic acid exhibited a high percentage of inhibition of acetyl and butyryl cholinesterase. In contrast, flower extracts obtained by menthol and acetic acid showed low inhibition of cholinesterase enzyme activity. No extract showed cytotoxicity and genotoxicity. Biological activities showed a high potential for the application of these extracts in the food and pharmaceutical industries.This study was financed by the Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - Brasil (CAPES) – Finance Code 001. The authors thank both CAPES for the financial support, the Federal University of Paraná (UFPR) and the Federal University of Technology - Paraná (UTFPR), Labmulti-CM (UTFPR) for the technical support provided. M. R. Mafra and L. Igarashi-Mafra are grateful to the Brazilian National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq - Grant 310182/2018-2 and 308517/2018-0, respectively).info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

A quantitative view of the transcriptome of Schistosoma mansoni adult-worms using SAGE

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Five species of the genus Schistosoma, a parasitic trematode flatworm, are causative agents of Schistosomiasis, a disease that is endemic in a large number of developing countries, affecting millions of patients around the world. By using SAGE (Serial Analysis of Gene Expression) we describe here the first large-scale quantitative analysis of the Schistosoma mansoni transcriptome, one of the most epidemiologically relevant species of this genus.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>After extracting mRNA from pooled male and female adult-worms, a SAGE library was constructed and sequenced, generating 68,238 tags that covered more than 6,000 genes expressed in this developmental stage. An analysis of the ordered tag-list shows the genes of F10 eggshell protein, pol-polyprotein, HSP86, 14-3-3 and a transcript yet to be identified to be the five top most abundant genes in pooled adult worms. Whereas only 8% of the 100 most abundant tags found in adult worms of S. mansoni could not be assigned to transcripts of this parasite, 46.9% of the total ditags could not be mapped, demonstrating that the 3 sequence of most of the rarest transcripts are still to be identified. Mapping of our SAGE tags to S. mansoni genes suggested the occurrence of alternative-polyadenylation in at least 13 gene transcripts. Most of these events seem to shorten the 3 UTR of the mRNAs, which may have consequences over their stability and regulation.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>SAGE revealed the frequency of expression of the majority of the S. mansoni genes. Transcriptome data suggests that alternative polyadenylation is likely to be used in the control of mRNA stability in this organism. When transcriptome was compared with the proteomic data available, we observed a correlation of about 50%, suggesting that both transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation are important for determining protein abundance in S. mansoni. The generation of SAGE tags from other life-cycle stages should contribute to reveal the dynamics of gene expression in this important parasite.</p