An Analysis of the Evolution of Tourism Destinations from the Point of View of the Economic Growth Theory

In this paper we try to build a bridge between the traditional analysis of the evolution of tourism destinations and economic growth theory. With such an aim we develop an environmental growth model for an economy specialized in tourism and we derive the pattern of tourism development with numerical calculations. The results of our simulations do not contradict the general pattern of evolution implied in the Tourism Area Life Cycle Hypothesis, being environmental deterioration and public goods congestion the main reasons for the stagnation of the tourism destination. We also show the importance of the quality of private tourism services in the evolution of the tourism destination.Tourism, Economic growth, Tourism lifcycle

Land, Environmental Externalities and Tourism Development

In a two sectors dynamic model we analyze the process of tourism development based on the accumulation of capital (building of tourism facilities) and the reallocation of land from traditional activities to the tourism sector. The model incorporates the conflict between occupation of the territory by the tourism facilities, other productive activities and availability of cultural, natural and environmental assets that are valued by residents and visitors. We characterize the process of tourism development in two settings: the socially optimal solution and a situation where the costs of tourism expansion are external to the decision makers, where externalities on residents as well as intraindustry externalities are considered. Regarding the optimal solution, we show that it is optimal to limit tourism expansion before it reaches its maximum capacity even in a context where the economic attractiveness of tourism relative to other productive sectors rise continuously. However, in this context and when all the costs of tourism development are externalities the only limit to tourism quantitative expansion is its maximum capacity determined by the availability of land. Finally, we show that excessive environmental degradation from the future generations’ point of view is not a problem of discounting the future but rather a problem of externalities that affects negatively the current and future generations.Intertemporal land allocation, Structural economic change, Tourism industry

O representante da comunidade nos comitês de ética em pesquisa biomédica em instituições de saúde em bogotá, Colômbia

The immediate purpose of this research is to study qualitatively —from the community perspective— the experience that these people have had as representatives, inquiring about the possible meanings of their participation and representation. The literature about investigation ethics has been checked to approach these subjects and it made clear the necessity to generate academic discussion highlighting the community representation.El objetivo de esta investigación es estudiar cualitativamente —desde la perspectiva de la comunidad— la experiencia que han tenido estas personas en su labor como representantes, indagando sobre los posibles significados de su participación y representatividad. Para abordar lo relativo a estos temas se revisó la literatura sobre ética en investigación y se evidenció la necesidad de generar un debate académico sobre la representación comunitaria.O objetivo desta investigação é estudar qualitativamente – a partir da visão da comunidade- a experiência que tem tido estas pessoas em seu trabalho como representantes, pesquisando sobre os possíveis significados de sua participação e sua representatividade. Para atingir as questões relativas a estes temas revisou-se a literatura sob a ética em investigação e foi evidenciada a necessidade de gerar um debate acadêmico sobre a representação da comunidade

Integrating Iterative Machine Teaching and Active Learning into the Machine Learning Loop

[Abstract] Scholars and practitioners are defining new types of interactions between humans and machine learning algorithms that we can group under the umbrella term of Human-in-the-Loop Machine Learning (HITL-ML). This paper is focused on implementing two approaches to this topic—Iterative Machine Teaching (iMT) and Active Learning (AL)—and analyzing how to integrate them in the learning loop. iMT is a variation of Machine Teaching in which a machine acts as a teacher that tries to transfer knowledge to a machine learning model. The focus of the problem in iMT is how to obtain the optimal training set given a machine learning algorithm and a target model. The idea is to learn a target concept with a minimal number of iterations with the smallest dataset. Active Learning, in contrast, is a specialized type of supervised learning in which humans are incorporated in the loop to act as oracles that analyze unlabeled data. AL allows us to achieve greater accuracy with less data and less training. Our proposal to incorporate iMT and AL into the machine learning loop is to use iMT as a technique to obtain the “Minimum Viable Data (MVD)” for training a learning model, that is, a dataset that allows us to increase speed and reduce complexity in the learning process by allowing to build early prototypes. Next, we will use AL to refine this first prototype by adding new data in an iterative and incremental way. We carried out several experiments to test the feasibility of our proposed approach. They show that the algorithms trained with the teachers converge faster than those that have been trained in a conventional way. Also, AL helps the model to avoid getting stuck and to keep improving after the first few iterations. The two approaches investigated in this paper can be considered complementary, as they correspond to different stages in the learning process.This work has been supported by the State Research Agency of the Spanish Government (grant PID2019-107194GB-I00 / AEI / 10.13039/501100011033) and by the Xunta de Galicia (grant ED431C 2018/34) with the European Union ERDF funds. We wish to acknowledge the support received from the Centro de Investigaci ́on de Galicia “CITIC”, funded by Xunta de Galicia and the European Union (European Regional Development Fund- Galicia 2014-2020 Program, grant ED431G 2019/01)Xunta de Galicia; ED431C 2018/34Xunta de Galicia; ED431G 2019/0

Duality Symmetry and Plane Waves in Non-Commutative Electrodynamics

We generalise the electric-magnetic duality in standard Maxwell theory to its non-commutative version. Both space-space and space-time non-commutativity are necessary. The duality symmetry is then extended to a general class of non-commutative gauge theories that goes beyond non-commutative electrodynamics. As an application of this symmetry, plane wave solutions are analysed. Dispersion relations following from these solutions show that general non-commutative gauge theories other than electrodynamics admits two waves with distinct polarisations propagating at different velocities in the same direction.Comment: 13 pages, PlainTeX. A reference and an equation (Ref.[11] and eq.(4.16)) are added, the text is amended, and some contents are deleted. Errors in some equations ((4.13), (4.14), (4.15) and (4.19)) are correcte

Regional Development: Challenges, Methods, and Models

This Web Book reviews the challenges that the consideration of regions brings into economic analysis and provide an overview of some of the key methods and tools that can be used to gain a better understanding of how regional economies work, and through that, identify both the challenges and opportunities that they face. The exploration of these challenges begins with some consideration of the ways in which regional economies work to set the stage for subsequent sections that summarize a toolbox of methods and strategies that might be considered for evaluation of regional development initiatives. In contrast to past reviews of this field, this report presents an integration of more traditional regional macroeconomic modeling with new developments in spatial data analysis.https://researchrepository.wvu.edu/rri-web-book/1001/thumbnail.jp

Effects of eight months of whole body vibration training on hip bone mass in older women

Objective: The aim of this study was to examine the effect of 8 months of whole-body vibration training on bone mass in octogenarian women. Method: Thirty-seven women (aged 82.4 [SD=5.7] years) voluntarily participated in this study. The vibration group (n=19) trained on a vibration platform twice a week (20 Hz and 2 mm) whereas controls (n=18) did not participate in any training program. Bone mass was measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry at the hip region. General linear repeated measures ANOVA (group by time) was used to examine the effect of whole body vibration on bone mass changes. Results: After the intervention, in all the hip regions (total hip, femoral neck, trochanter, intertrochanter, Ward’s area), no statistically significant changes in bone mass were found. Conclusion: Eight months of whole body vibration training (twice a week) in elderly women do not produce osteogenic effects

El bambú tonkin (Pseudosasa amabilis) como material a explorar en el ecodiseño. El diseño de un puesto de mercado como caso de estudio

El análisis del ciclo de vida (ACV) permite evaluar el impacto ambiental en las diferentes etapas de un diseño/producto. En el caso de la etapa de selección de materiales, entre las materias primas que tienen un mayor impacto ambiental y alto consumo energético se encuentra el acero. En este contexto, en esta investigación se estudia el uso del bambú Tonkin (Pseudosasa amabilis) como material estructural y estrategia de Ecodiseño, se compara su impacto medioambiental con el del acero en un rediseño de un puesto de mercado para frutas y verduras. Para llevar a cabo el proceso de diseño, se ha trabajado bajo el enfoque de Diseño para la Sostenibilidad (D4S) con la herramienta SolidWorks®, en la que se ha desarrollado el diseño de detalle, incluyendo el estudio del comportamiento estático y ACV, es decir, el estudio de la sostenibilidad de la estructura en el marco del nuevo paradigma de la Economía Circular. Se realizó el rediseño con bambú Tonkin, a partir de un muestreo que arrojó unos datos medios de 30 mm de diámetro y espesor de 6 mm. Los resultados obtenidos, de forma teórico-experimental y con la simulación númerica, confirman el bambú Tonkin tanto en el análisis de elementos finitos (FEA) como en el estudio de sostenibilidad (ACV), es un material con unas excelentes cualidades estructurales a la vez que tiene un impacto medioambiental mínimo. Es por ello, que se proponen nuevas líneas de trabajo y se invita a otros grupos de investigación a que se interesen sobre este material verde desconocido

Pseudotumor simulando lesiones malignas en lactantes

Se presentan dos casos clínicos, en dos lactantes, de tumoración de partes blandas de crecimiento rápido y aparición espontánea. Fue necesario emplear técnicas invasivas, dadas las dificultades en el diagnóstico diferencial con tumor de estirpe maligna, para llegar al tranquilizador diagnóstico de hematoma en evolución. Se discute la utilidad de la RM en el estudio de este tipo de lesiones.Two cases of soft tissue tumoration with fast growth and spontaneus apparition in suckling infants are reported. Develop invasive methods to achieve the easeful final diagnosis of evolutive haematoma was necessary because of differential diagnosis with soft tissue sarcoma. There is a discusion on the use of MR in the study of this kind of lesion

Transparencia en la gestión de las bibliotecas públicas del Estado a través de sus sedes web

Partiendo de una propuesta de indicadores asociados a la transparencia en la gestión de bibliotecas, basada en ejemplos localizados en sus sedes web, se presentan los resultados del análisis en las 53 bibliotecas públicas del Estado. La búsqueda y análisis de los indicadores se llevó a cabo en sus webs. Los resultados muestran que, aunque hay ejemplos de buenas prácticas, la información al respecto es muy escasa, especialmente la relacionada con las líneas de actuación y objetivos de la biblioteca. La normativa sobre el uso de los servicios, así como la información y contacto con el equipo de profesionales de la biblioteca, son dos de los indicadores más frecuentes. Se recomienda a las bibliotecas, como entidades del sector público receptoras de fondos y subvenciones, que hagan un ejercicio de transparencia publicando los indicadores relacionados con la misma en su sede web