Priority areas for conservation of and research focused on terrestrial vertebrates

Effective conservation policies require comprehensive knowledge of biodiversity. However, knowledge shortfalls still remain, hindering possibilities to improve decision making and built such policies. During the last 2 decades, conservationists have made great efforts to allocate resources as efficiently as possible but have rarely considered the idea that if research investments are also strategically allocated, it would likely fill knowledge gaps while simultaneously improving conservation actions. Therefore, prioritizing areas where both conservation and research actions could be conducted becomes a critical endeavor that can further maximize return on investment. We used Zonation, a conservation planning tool and geographical distributions of amphibians, birds, mammals, and reptiles to suggest and compare priority areas for conservation and research of terrestrial vertebrates worldwide. We also evaluated the degree of human disturbance in both types of priority areas by describing the value of the human footprint index within such areas. The spatial concordance between priority conservation and research areas was low: 0.36% of the world's land area. In these areas, we found it would be possible to protect almost half of the currently threatened species and to gather information on nearly 42% of data-deficient (DD) species. We also found that 6199 protected areas worldwide are located in such places, although only 35% of them have strict conservation purposes. Areas of consensus between conservation and research areas represent an opportunity for simultaneously conserving and acquiring knowledge of threatened and DD species of vertebrates. Although the picture is not the most encouraging, joint conservation and research efforts are possible and should be fostered to save vertebrate species from our own ignorance and extinction.Fil: Nori, Javier. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba. Instituto de Diversidad y Ecología Animal. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físicas y Naturales. Instituto de Diversidad y Ecología Animal; ArgentinaFil: Loyola, Rafael. Universidade Federal de Goiás; BrasilFil: Villalobos, Fabricio. Instituto de Ecología, A. C. Red de Biología Evolutiva. Laboratorio de Macroecología Evolutiva; Méxic

O petróleo mexicano na perspectiva de um tratado de livre comércio

This paper analyses both the changes taking place in the Mexican oil industrial policy and the reformulation that the Mexican Oil Enterprise (PEMEX) is going through due to the local and international investiments liberation by private enterprises in the oil sector, considering the Free Trade Agreement that México is negotiating with Canada and the United States of America.This paper analyses both the changes taking place in the Mexican oil industrial policy and the reformulation that the Mexican Oil Enterprise (PEMEX) is going through due to the local and international investiments liberation by private enterprises in the oil sector, considering the Free Trade Agreement that México is negotiating with Canada and the United States of America

Ecoregion priorization for terrestrial vertebrate conservation

Orientador: Thomas Michael LewinsohnTese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de BiologiaResumo: Procurei identificar prioridades de conservação para vertebrados terrestres em diferentes escalas geográficas (da regional/continental à global), usando ecorregiões como unidades geográficas. Mais especificamente, avaliei (1) a correlação entre riqueza e endemismo exibida por vertebrados terrestres que ocorrem em ecorregiões do Brasil e a eficiência de cada classe de vertebrados terrestres (anfíbios, répteis, aves e mamíferos) como grupos indicadores para a identificação de prioridades de conservação em ecorregiões brasileiras; (2) identifiquei ecorregiões prioritárias para a representação eficiente de todos os vertebrados terrestres, incluindo aqueles endêmicos e ameaçados de extinção, na região Neotropical, e o quanto essas ecorregiões representam da fauna existente nessa província biogeográfica; (3) identifiquei ecorregiões prioritárias para a representação eficiente de todos os anuros (Amphibia: Anura) ameaçados de extinção na região Neotropical e como a inclusão de características da história de vida (e.g. modo reprodutivo) desse grupo no processo de priorização pode auxiliar no delineamento dessas áreas prioritárias; (4) de maneira similar, assinalei ecorregiões prioritárias para a conservação de todos os carnívoros (Mammalia: Carnivora) na região Neotropical e no mundo, e como a inclusão de características ecológicas, evolutivas e da história de vida desse grupo - associadas a custos econômicos (US$/km2) da aquisição de terras em ecorregiões - pode auxiliar no delineamento dessas áreas prioritária. Os resultados apontam, de maneira geral, ecorregiões localizadas no sul do México, América Central, Andes tropicais, sul da América do Sul, sudeste asiático e Filipinas, e a Mata Atlântica brasileira como áreas de extrema relevância, cuja conservação eficiente, por meio de redes de reservas cuidadosamente implementadas, poderia minimizar consideravelmente as ameaças atuais aos vertebrados terrestres. A identificação de áreas prioritárias para a conservação da biodiversidade que vão de uma escala regional/continental à global, é apenas um primeiro passo no estabelecimento de estratégias de conservação in-situ que garantirão a persistência de espécies por períodos ecológicos e evolutivos relevantes para sua existência. Os trabalhos incluídos nessa tese reforçam o arcabouço teórico e metodológico da avaliação de conservação e oferecem bases científicas para o delineamento de regiões prioritárias para a conservação de biodiversidade em um mundo em constante mudança.Abstract: I aimed to identify conservation priorities for terrestrial vertebrates across different spatial scales (from regional/continental to global), using ecoregions as geographic units. I have evaluated, in particular, (1) the congruence between overall richness and endemism patterns among terrestrial vertebrates that occur in Brazil, and the effectiveness of each vertebrate class (amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals) as indicator groups for identifying conservation priorities among Brazilian ecoregions; (2) I have identified priority sets of ecoregions that are effective in representing terrestrial vertebrate diversity in the Neotropics, including those endemics and threatened of extinction; (3) I have also identified priority sets of ecoregions for the conservation of Neotropical threatened anurans, and have also evaluated how the inclusion of species lifehistory traits (e.g. reproductive modes) in the prioritization process may help to improve areasetting analysis; (4) similarly, I have highlighted Neotropical and Global priority sets of ecoregions for the conservation of all carnivores (Mammalia: Carnivora), and again, how the inclusion of biological traits - along with economic costs (US$/km2) of land acquisition within ecoregions - may help in the delineation of these priority set of areas. In general, results highlighted ecoregions found in southern Mexico, Central America, tropical Andes, southern South America, southeast Asia and the Philippines, and the Brazilian Atlantic Forest as extremerelevance areas. Their effective conservation, through the implementation of carefully designed reserve networks, could therefore minimize significantly current threats to terrestrial vertebrates. Identification of a comprehensive set of natural areas, as presented here, is a first step towards an in-situ biodiversity maintenance strategy, which only subtends a much more complex process of policy negotiation and implementation. The studies included in the thesis contribute to a joint framework for the development of national and continental strategies for biodiversity conservation, adding to burgeoning initiatives to plan the application of finite funds and efforts where they will be most effective.DoutoradoDoutor em Ecologi

Da percepção de riscos à saúde às reais motivações para a conservação da natureza

Implicações: A percepção de que doenças são diretamente oriundas do desmatamento não se sustenta, segundo estudos recentes. Ao contrário, trata-se de um processo histórico e não imediato. Esse entendimento é crítico pois o medo dos trópicos permanece enraizado nas histórias da colonização e ainda hoje induz o desmatamento ao redor do mundo. Implications: Recent studies do not support the perception that diseases are directly caused by deforestation. On the contrary, disease emergence is a historical process, not an immediate one. This understanding is critical as the "fear of the tropics" remains rooted in colonization histories and still drives deforestation worldwide

Sistema de costos y su incidencia en la rentabilidad del molino de arroz pilado, Trujillo 2019

La presente investigación tiene en su finalidad determinar la incidencia del sistema de costos con respecto a su rentabilidad en la empresa, Molino de Arroz Pilado Trujillo, Año 2019. La presente elaboración de la investigación es de tipo descriptivo, no experimental y con diseño de corte transversal, la población y la muestra son la misma empresa Molino de Arroz Pilado Trujillo. Año 2019. Se realizó el desarrollo de la investigación como fondo la información resultante con la técnica realizada al análisis documentario, en donde la obtención de los resultados busca examinar la incidencia de un sistema de costos en la rentabilidad determinando si el sistema de costos incide con la rentabilidad de la empresa. De acuerdo con la investigación se concluye que el sistema de costos que emplea la empresa es de manera empírica, basado en los costos conformados por costo de materia prima, costo de mano de obra y costo CIF, y de la aplicación de un sistema de costos se detalla cada uno de los costos en el proceso de producción, percibiendo diferencias entre los costos unitarios de cada saco de arroz pilado de 49 kg, con esto se logra conocer su costo por unidad de cada tipo de producto

Violencia familiar e inteligencia emocional en estudiantes de una institución educativa de Trujillo, 2021

La presente investigación ha tenido como objetivo el determinar la relación entre la violencia familiar y la inteligencia emocional en estudiantes de secundaria de una I.E de Trujillo, 2021. La muestra representativa la conformarán 127 alumnos de secundaria de una Institución educativa de Trujillo. Los instrumentos empleados han sido el cuestionario VIFA cuya finalidad, elaborado por Altamirano Ortega Livia y Castro Banda Reyli Jesús (2012) y el Test TMMS-24 de Fernández-Berrocal, Extremera y Ramos (2004). Al finalizar la investigación, se logró establecer una correlación inversa débil (- .314), por lo que a mayor nivel de violencia familiar menor serán los niveles de inteligencia emocional, pero hay que tomar en cuenta que esto no es determinante debido a que el coeficiente es débil.Tesi

Mudanças climáticas e prioridades para a conservação da biodiversidade

Processos globais como a perda de habitat, superexploração de recursos naturais, invasão biológica e mudanças climáticas estão conduzindo muitas espécies à extinção. Nesse cenário de alto risco de extinção, qual deve ser o critério para determinar prioridades de conservação? O que, onde e como proteger a biodiversidade? A resposta não é simples. Entre os efeitos esperados das mudanças climáticas, pode-se incluir o deslocamento das espécies para um espaço climático mais favorável, até mesmo fora de uma unidade de conservação. No entanto, eleger prioridades para a conservação da biodiversidade implica ir além das espécies, fazendo-se necessário a inclusão da história evolutiva e da manutenção dos processos nas comunidades. Aqui, apresentamos um panorama sobre os efeitos das mudanças climáticas sobre biodiversidade e como incluí-los em estudos de priorização espacial para a conservação. Ressaltamos a importância da conservação de anfíbios da Mata Atlântica, grupo mais ameaçado de extinção entre os vertebrados e, finalmente, apresentamos e discutimos estratégias de conservação consideram mais que a riqueza de espécies, incluindo também informações sobre a diversidade filogenética e funcional

Joint ecological, geographical and cultural approach to identify territories of opportunity for large vertebrates conservation in Mexico

The objective of the present paper is to provide a holistic framework to delineate ‘‘territories of opportunity’’ where agrarian communities can manage areas to enhance the conservation of large vertebrates. The study was conducted Mexico, which is sociologically, culturally and ecologically complex, similar to other ‘‘megadiverse’’ countries. We conducted ensemble niche modeling of endangered top predators to define a set of large vertebrate species. Environmental attributes were used to perform three distance-based and two artificial intelligence-based algorithms. Socio-cultural attributes were included to depict agricultural communities with strong social government schemes and clear evidence of well-managed natural resources. Other socio-economic attributes such as land acquisition cost, human agglomeration and anthropogenic land use were included in the analysis. Scenarios were computed and displayed cartographically with the aid of a geographic information system. Results showed that the largest concentration of biodiversity converges on regions with large land cover persistence and high local governance, defined as potential willingness to engage in conservation actions. The cartographic areas identified overlapped with current Mexican protected areas in only 2.7% of the country. Thus, conservation law enforcement in most of the country seems to be ineffective. Here we show that, in a number of territories, agrarian communities that have coexisted for millennia with umbrella species can be regarded as allies in biodiversity conservation. Results are discussed in the light of their relevance for future niche modeling, environmental policy design and implications for climate change.Conacy

Insufficient protection and intense human pressure threaten islands worldwide

The small size, degree of isolation, and particular evolutionary processes occurring in islands make them highly diverse and an essential target for conservation. For the same characteristics, they are also extremely vulnerable to human-mediated disturbances. During the last centuries, nearly 80% of species extinctions have occurred on islands. While there is information on the human threats, level of protection, and conservation importance of islands, an integrative picture combining these aspects and aimed at determining conservation priorities to inform decision-making is still missing. Here, we jointly analyzed these three aspects producing a worldwide island conservation assessment based on terrestrial vertebrates. Considering the Aichi target of >17% of protection and all protected area categories, we found that 5397 islands, encompassing a quarter of the worldwide island area, face high human modification and have a low level of protection, with 33% of them showing extreme levels of human modification. Also, if we were to consider the new threshold of protected area coverage proposed to accurately protect the world's biodiversity and ecosystems (Nature Needs Half initiative), 77% of the world's islands would face this dramatic scenario. Furthermore, most large islands harboring the highest number of threatened vertebrates are found on this critical situation (low protection and high human modification). Based on the analysis of these conservation scenarios, we identified potential priority islands that provide opportunities to improve island conservation worldwide. The mbest opportunities are located in 58 islands with a low level of protection and human modification, which harbor more than 5 threatened vertebrates’ species and are located in different regions of the world.Fil: Nori, Javier. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba. Instituto de Diversidad y Ecología Animal. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físicas y Naturales. Instituto de Diversidad y Ecología Animal; ArgentinaFil: Villalobos Camacho, Crisoforo Fabricio. Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología. Instituto de Ecología; MéxicoFil: Osorio Olvera, Luis Alfredo. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México; MéxicoFil: Loyola, Rafael. Universidade Federal de Goiás; Brasi

Identifying priority areas for invertebrate conservation using land snails as models

Mollusca is a megadiverse phylum with an estimated number of 70,000–76,000 described species which can inhabit a wide variety of environments. Among them, land snails are a main component of terrestrial ecosystems and they play a pivotal role in ecosystem functioning. They are suffering habitat loss, overexploitation and competition from introduced species, but are regarded as a “non-charismatic” group for conservation purposes. Orthalicoidea is a dominant faunal element in the Neotropics and in Argentina includes 104 species that inhabit a variety of environments. Their abundance, diversity, comprehensive taxonomy and widespread representation in different ecoregions makes this molluscan group an excellent model for biodiversity assessments. The database used here consisted of 985 unique geographic records of 104 species. Species distribution models were generated using the Maximum Entropy method and Zonation v 3.1 was used to evaluate the proposed conservation goals. Three analyses including species distributions, the current protected areas system (PAs) and the Human print layer were carried out. This allowed the identification of priority areas for conservation, the percentage of the species distribution under PAs and analysis of the potential impacts under current land use and in the priority areas detected above. Sixty-one species were modeled, and 59 of them were included in the priority area selection process due to their high area under curve (AUC) scores. Five high priority areas located in the different ecoregions, were identified: 1-dry Chaco, 2-humid Pampas, 3-Southern Andean Yungas, 4-Alto Paraná Atlantic Forests and 5-high Monte. A small percentage of the average distribution range of Orthalicoidean species (3%) was within the current protected areas. Highest-ranked priority areas for land snails are outside the current protected areas system. When human impact is considered, the priority areas are reduced in size and appear as small patches. However, highest priority areas for conservation continue being those detected in the above analyses. Most of the areas detected are used for economic purposes, creating conflicts of interest between the development of human activities and conservation. This study represents one of the first attempts to identify ecoregion level priority areas for a terrestrial invertebrate group. Further analyses, including new predictors and other molluscan taxa, would improve planning the conservation of poorly known invertebrate groups.Fil: Ovando, Ximena Maria Constanza. Universidade do Estado de Rio do Janeiro; BrasilFil: Miranda, Maria Jose. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Tucumán. Instituto de Biodiversidad Neotropical. Universidad Nacional de Tucumán. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales e Instituto Miguel Lillo. Instituto de Biodiversidad Neotropical. Instituto de Biodiversidad Neotropical; ArgentinaFil: Loyola, Rafael. Universidade Federal de Goiás; BrasilFil: Cuezzo, Maria Gabriela. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Tucumán. Instituto de Biodiversidad Neotropical. Universidad Nacional de Tucumán. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales e Instituto Miguel Lillo. Instituto de Biodiversidad Neotropical. Instituto de Biodiversidad Neotropical; Argentin