Análisis del impacto de los mensajes de Wikileaks en el Gobierno de Rafael Correa desde la prensa escrita

The evolution of technology in recent years has crossed borders worldwide, transforming social behaviors, lifestyles and multiple ways to communicate through the digital era. the same which includes a specialized, knowledgeable, quick, efficient society, for information, to communicate and develop projects related to your search. This search and inquiry you have made the researcher, student, elprofesional, ensílasociedad traced margins deconducta dede dependence to the internet and Portuguese. I forexample; effective information simultane, attractive, these requirements gradually made an especially journalism and the media transform their content and provide needs to cibernautaLa evolución de la tecnología en los últimos años ha traspasado fronteras a nivel mundial, transformando conductas sociales, estilos de vida y múltiples maneras de comunicarse a través de la era digital. La misma que engloba a una sociedad especializada, informada, rápida, eficaz, para conseguir información, para comunicarse y elaborar proyectos afines a su búsqueda. Esta búsqueda e indagación que ha realizado el investigador, el estudiante, elprofesional,ensílasociedad ha trazado márgenes deconducta dede pendencia hacia e luso del internet. Porejemplo; información eficaz, simultane, atrayente, estas exigencias paulatinamente an hecho que principalmente el periodismo y los medios de comunicación transformen sus contenidos y brinden las necesidades al cibernaut

Times they are a-changin’: De novo sobre a alteração superveniente das circunstâncias no direito privado português, no direito europeu e nos instrumentos europeus e internacionais de harmonização do direito privado

Due to the recent economic and financial crisis, courts have once more questioned the relevance of change of circumstances as a motive to renegotiate or to terminate the contract. The tension between the principle pacta sunt servanda and clausula rebus sic stantibus has long been a distinguished mark of most European countries national laws and has recently been taken into account by International and European legal instruments and also by ec soft law. In this paper we want to point out some of the requirements these legal texts demand in order for a court to vary or terminate a contract because of a change of circumstances. We take into account Portuguese law and some of its nearest neighbouring countries laws, and take a short excursion into history to provide a brief overview of the development of the change of circumstances doctrine through the years.[traducir resumen a español]A recente crise económico-financeira que assolou os países europeus bem como, de uma forma geral, o resto do mundo, veio colocar uma vez mais na história do direito dos contratos moderno a questão da modificabilidade dos contratos ou mesmo da sua extinção em função da alteração superveniente das circunstâncias sobre as quais as partes basearam na sua vontade negocial. A tensão latente entre o princípio pacta sunt servanda e a protecção da vontade contratual reportada a um determinado circunstancialismo que deixou de se verificar voltou a manifestar-se de uma forma generalizada –tal como já havia acontecido por ocasião das grandes guerras do séc. xx e da depressão que lhes esteve associada– provocando posições dissonantes da jurisprudência nos diferentes países europeus bem como, muitas vezes, entre os próprios tribunais nacionais. Numa breve revisitação do tema, procuramos apontar algumas notas caracterizadoras do instituto da alteração das circunstâncias em diferentes ordens jurídicas europeias partindo do normativo português em que este se encontra consagrado, atendendo à evolução oscilante da figura desde o reconhecimento de uma clausula rebus sic stantibus até à sua consagração recente em instrumentos europeus e internacionais de harmonização do direito civil e do direito dos contratos./n

Os Jogos de Empresas como Recurso Didático na Formação de Administradores

Os jogos de empresas surgem como um método de ensino que integra a teoria à prática por oportunizar ao aluno vivenciar os conceitos aprendidos em sala de aula o mais próximo do real. Para alguns autores, a utilização deste recurso didático na  formação de administradores promove a preparação de profissionais mais completos e maduros para enfrentar o mercado de trabalho. Apesar disso, não há evidência de uma utilização intensa destes em sala de aula. Este artigo tem por objetivo levantar na literatura os pontos fortes e fracos da utilização dos jogos de empresas como recurso didático na formação de administradores. A partir disso, constatou-se que os jogos de empresas proporcionam um diferencial na aprendizagem, reduzem a distância entre teoria e prática e são bem aceitos pelos alunos. Todavia, a complexidade na utilização, os altos custos e a necessidade de grande dedicação do professor são pontos restritivos à adoção do método

A histochemical study of the Nras/let-60 activity in filarial nematodes

BACKGROUND: Control and elimination of filarial pathogens is a central focus of major global health efforts directed at parasitic diseases of developing countries. Accomplishment of these goals would be markedly enhanced by the enhanced destruction of the adult stage of filariae. The identification of new, more quantitative biomarkers that correlate with mortality or chemotherapeutic damage to adult filariae, would greatly facilitate, for example, the development of new macrofilaricides. METHODS: An immunocytochemical approach using an antibody against human Nras was used to identify and detect changes in the nematode homolog let-60 that is associated with cell growth and maintenance. Single Onchocerca volvulus nodules were removed from each of 13 patients treated with ivermectin (as part of a community-wide mass drug administration programme), and from each of 13 untreated individuals; these 26 nodules were stained with the anti-Nras antibody. The localization and degree of positivity of Nras/let-60 staining were assessed subjectively and compared between the two groups; the positivity of staining was also quantified, using image analysis, in a subgroup of these nodules. In addition, the specific morphological association between Nras/let-60 and the Wolbachia endosymbiont present in these parasites was also observed in 4 additional filarial species using an anti-Wolbachia surface protein (WSP) antibody under light and confocal microscopy. RESULTS: Nras/let-60 is present in many structures within the adult female worms. A statistically significant decrease in the general staining intensity of Nras/let-60 was observed in adult female O. volvulus treated with ivermectin when compared with parasites from untreated patients. Nras/let-60 staining was frequently observed to be co-localized with WSP in O.volvulus, Brugia malayi, Litomosoides sigmodontis and Dirofilaria immitis. Nras/let60 is also present in Onchocerca ochengi. CONCLUSION: Nras/let-60, as detected by immunocytochemical staining, is decreased in ivermectin-treated adult female O. volvulus relative to untreated control specimens, suggesting a suppressive effect of ivermectin on the overall biochemical activity of these parasites. Co-localization of Nras/let-60 and WSP suggests the possibility that the endosymbiont utilizes this nematode protein as part of a mutualistic relationship. Nras/let60 appears to be a useful biomarker for assessing the health of filariae. ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL: The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13071-015-0947-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users

Elimination of onchocerciasis in Ecuador: findings of post-treatment surveillance.

BACKGROUND: The Esmeraldas focus of onchocerciasis in Ecuador expanded geographically during the 1980s and was associated with severe ocular and skin disease. Mass drug administration (MDA) with ivermectin started in 1991, initially once but later twice a year, in the principle endemic focus followed by all satellite foci. Treatment was stopped in 2009 when entomological assessments determined that transmission of Onchocerca volvulus had been interrupted. METHODS: Three years after the cessation of ivermectin treatment in 2012, as defined by the WHO guidelines for onchocerciasis elimination, blackfly collections were done in four sentinel sites in former hyperendemic areas. The presence of infective larvae in local vectors, Simulium exiguum and Simulum quadrivittatum, was assessed by detection of O. volvulus DNA by PCR. Additional flies captured in four extra-sentinel sites located in former hyper- and mesoendemic dispersed isolated areas were also assessed. RESULTS: The results from 68,310 captured blackflies, 40,114 from four sentinel villages in the previously hyperendemic areas (Corriente Grande, El Tigre, San Miguel on Río Cayapas and Naranjal on Río Canandé) and 28,197 from extra-sentinel locations, were all negative for the presence of O. volvulus. These extra-sentinel sites (Hualpí on Río Hoja Blanca, Capulí on Río Onzole, La Ceiba on Río Tululví and Medianía on Río Verde) were included to provide additional evidence of the impact of MDA on the transmission of O. volvulus in isolated endemic areas. CONCLUSIONS: Our data indicate that transmission of O. volvulus has been stopped in all endemic areas in Ecuador, including all satellite foci outside the main focus. These findings indicate that a strategy of ivermectin distribution twice a year to over 85% of the treatment-eligible population was effective in eliminating the infection from Ecuador in a focus with a highly competent primary vector, S. exiguum, and where the infection rates were equal to or greater than observed in many onchocerciasis foci in Africa

Impact of Long-Term Treatment with Ivermectin on the Prevalence and Intensity of Soil-Transmitted Helminth Infections

Soil-transmitted helminth (intestinal worm) infections are very common in developing countries and are an important cause of illness. Mass de-worming treatments of school children are an important strategy to reduce illness caused by these infections in communities without access to clean water and sanitation. Few studies have examined the effect of repeated mass treatments in the long-term in controlling these infections. The objective of the present study was to assess the impact of the drug ivermectin used for the control of onchocerciasis (river blindness), that has important effects against intestinal worms, on the epidemiology of intestinal worms in children when administered repeatedly for 15–17 years. We compared the epidemiology of infections between children living in communities that received ivermectin with communities that never received the drug. The data suggest that ivermectin has important differential effects on intestinal worms with a greater impact on infections with Trichuris trichiura and little impact on Ascaris lumbricoides and hookworms infections. Our data suggest that long-term ivermectin treatments may provide health benefits through effects on T. trichiura infections but that the addition of second de-worming drug such as albendazole may be required for the control of other intestinal worm infections

Rationale, study design, and analysis plan of the Alveolar Recruitment for ARDS Trial (ART): Study protocol for a randomized controlled trial

Background: Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is associated with high in-hospital mortality. Alveolar recruitment followed by ventilation at optimal titrated PEEP may reduce ventilator-induced lung injury and improve oxygenation in patients with ARDS, but the effects on mortality and other clinical outcomes remain unknown. This article reports the rationale, study design, and analysis plan of the Alveolar Recruitment for ARDS Trial (ART). Methods/Design: ART is a pragmatic, multicenter, randomized (concealed), controlled trial, which aims to determine if maximum stepwise alveolar recruitment associated with PEEP titration is able to increase 28-day survival in patients with ARDS compared to conventional treatment (ARDSNet strategy). We will enroll adult patients with ARDS of less than 72 h duration. The intervention group will receive an alveolar recruitment maneuver, with stepwise increases of PEEP achieving 45 cmH(2)O and peak pressure of 60 cmH2O, followed by ventilation with optimal PEEP titrated according to the static compliance of the respiratory system. In the control group, mechanical ventilation will follow a conventional protocol (ARDSNet). In both groups, we will use controlled volume mode with low tidal volumes (4 to 6 mL/kg of predicted body weight) and targeting plateau pressure <= 30 cmH2O. The primary outcome is 28-day survival, and the secondary outcomes are: length of ICU stay; length of hospital stay; pneumothorax requiring chest tube during first 7 days; barotrauma during first 7 days; mechanical ventilation-free days from days 1 to 28; ICU, in-hospital, and 6-month survival. ART is an event-guided trial planned to last until 520 events (deaths within 28 days) are observed. These events allow detection of a hazard ratio of 0.75, with 90% power and two-tailed type I error of 5%. All analysis will follow the intention-to-treat principle. Discussion: If the ART strategy with maximum recruitment and PEEP titration improves 28-day survival, this will represent a notable advance to the care of ARDS patients. Conversely, if the ART strategy is similar or inferior to the current evidence-based strategy (ARDSNet), this should also change current practice as many institutions routinely employ recruitment maneuvers and set PEEP levels according to some titration method.Hospital do Coracao (HCor) as part of the Program 'Hospitais de Excelencia a Servico do SUS (PROADI-SUS)'Brazilian Ministry of Healt

Interruption of infection transmission in the onchocerciasis focus of Ecuador leading to the cessation of ivermectin distribution.

INTRODUCTION: A clinically significant endemic focus of onchocerciasis existing in Esmeraldas Province, coastal Ecuador has been under an ivermectin mass drug administration program since 1991. The main transmitting vector in this area is the voracious blackfly, Simulium exiguum. This paper describes the assessments made that support the decision to cease mass treatment. METHODOLOGY AND PRINCIPLE FINDINGS: Thirty-five rounds of ivermectin treatment occurred between 1991-2009 with 29 of these carrying >85% coverage. Following the guidelines set by WHO for ceasing ivermectin distribution the impact on parasite transmission was measured in the two vector species by an O-150 PCR technique standard for assessing for the presence of Onchocerca volvulus. Up to seven collection sites in three major river systems were tested on four occasions between 1995 and 2008. The infectivity rates of 65.0 (CI 39-101) and 72.7 (CI 42-116) in 1995 dropped to zero at all seven collection sites by 2008. Assessment for the presence of antibodies against O. volvulus was made in 2001, 2006, 2007 and 2008 using standard ELISA assays for detecting anti-Ov16 antibodies. None of total of 1810 children aged 1-15 years (between 82 and 98% of children present in the surveyed villages) tested in the above years were found to be carrying antibodies to this antigen. These findings were the basis for the cessation of mass drug treatment with ivermectin in 2009. SIGNIFICANCE: This fulfillment of the criteria for cessation of mass distribution of ivermectin in the only known endemic zone of onchocerciasis in Ecuador moves the country into the surveillance phase of official verification for national elimination of transmission of infection. These findings indicate that ivermectin given twice a year with greater than 85% of the community can move a program to the final stages of verification of transmission interruption