Brazilian economy and real estate: a synthesis of the last decades

Como desdobramento da pesquisa realizada para obtenção do título de mestre por um dos autores, ambos os autores discorrem nesse artigo sobre os principais eventos econômicos e marcos regulatórios que ocorreram nas últimas décadas no Brasil e em São Paulo e o desenvolvimento do mercado imobiliário face a esses acontecimentos.A partir da criação do Banco Nacional da Habitação, na década de 1960, até o recente êxito produtivo do Programa Minha Casa, Minha Vida; considerando, nesse ínterim, eventos econômicos nacionais e políticas federais e municipais (na cidade de São Paulo), esses acontecimentos são sintetizados em ordem cronológica, com o intuito de ressaltar a importância da economia sobre a produção urbana residencial, particularmente a realizada pela iniciativa privada.As a result of the research carried out to obtaining the title of master by one of the authors, both the authors comment in this article on the major economic events and regulatory systems, which occurred in recent decades paragraph Brazil and Sao Paulo, and the development of the real estate, in the face of these events.From the creation of the Bank National Housing (BNH), in the 1960s, to the recent production success of  Program My House, My Life (PMHML); whereas in the interim, economic events national and federal and municipal policies (in the city of Sao Paulo), these events are summarized in chronological order, in order to highlight the importance of the economy on residential urban production, particularly carried out by private initiative. 

Predicting Activites from Smartphones

Os sensores embutidos na maior parte dos smartphones modernos, tal como acelerómetros e giroscópios, abrem um mundo de infinitas possibilidades para um novo tipo de aplicações baseadas no contexto adquirido a partir dos dados que fornecem. O Reconhecimento de Actividades Humanas (HAR) é uma aplicação directa desta tecnologia, que apesar de ser uma área de estudo bastante activa nos últimos anos, ainda possui diversas estratégias não exploradas e aspectos-chave não correspondidos. Um desafio de HAR normalmente ignorado é a diferença de sinais produzidos por diferentes pessoas enquanto praticam as mesmas actividades. Assim, o sistema de classificação de actividades deveria ser capaz de gerar resultados adaptados para cada utilizador individual. Este documento propõe e explora uma solução para este problema à base de Aprendizagem Semi-supervisionada Online, uma abordagem incremental pouco explorada capaz de adaptar o modelo de classificação ao utilizador da aplicação ao actualiza-lo continuamente à medida que os dados específicos gerados pelo utilizador entram no sistema. O cenário ideal deste projecto seria a criação de uma aplicação para smartphone capaz de, logo de raiz, ser capaz de classificar as actividades de um novo utilizador, com um certo erro, e à medida que o tempo passa e o utilizador usa a aplicação, sem qualquer tipo de instruções manuais, o erro do sistema de classificação diminuiria autonomamente, até ser virtualmente insignificante para esse utilizador específico. Vários modelos de classificação serão gerados a partir de diferentes abordagens de aprendizagem semi-supervisionada, e posteriormente avaliados e comparados, de forma a decidir na melhor selecção. O sucesso desta abordagem resultaria num vasto leque de aplicações, e poderia aumentar consideravelmente a interacção actual entre as pessoas e os seus dispositivos móveis, elevando o conceito de "smartphone" a um nível nunca antes concebido.Built-in hardware sensors in many of the modern smartphones, such as accelerometers and gyroscopes, open a world of infinite opportunities for novel applications based on the context perceived from the data they provide. Human activity recognition (HAR) is a direct application of this technology, which despite being a very active field of study in the past years, leaves many strategies left to explore and key aspects left to address. A commonly ignored challenge of HAR is the difference of input signals produced by different people when doing the same activities. As a result, the activity classification method should be able to generate adapted results for each different user. This document proposes and explores a solution to this problem by means of "Online Semi-supervised Learning", an underexplored incremental approach capable of adapting the classification model to the user of the application by continuously updating it as the data from the user's own specific input signals arrives. The ideal scenario of this project would be the creation of a smartphone application capable from the beginning of classifying the user's activities with a certain error, and as the time passes and the user utilizes the application, without manual input, the system's classification error would decrease autonomously until it is virtually insignificant for that specific user. Several classification models will be generated from different online semi-supervised approaches, and further evaluated and compared, in order to decide on a best fit. The success of this approach would result in innumerable applications, and could considerably enhance the current interaction between people and their mobile devices, taking the concept of "smartphone" to a whole new level

Strategy operationalization in a Taekwondo Federation

[EN] The management of sport requires addressing the organization structures and systems, considering simultaneously..

Análise da qualidade do instrumento: sistema de observação do cruzamento - patinagem de velocidade

O presente estudo teve como objetivo a criação de um instrumento que permita a recolha de dados para a análise da estabilidade da técnica de curva em patinagem de velocidade. O instrumento serve de registo dos comportamentos observados durante a execução dos primeiros três cruzamentos. Neste quadro, é fundamental a viabilidade e fiabilidade do instrumento. O instrumento foi composto por um sistema categorias e Formatos de Campo (Oliveira et al., 2001), com base em referências da metodologia observacional e modelos biomecânicos da patinagem de velocidade. O instrumento foi validado recorrendo ao Índice de Kappa (Anguera, 1993; Blanco, 1993 e 1997), com base nos registos de três observadores (interobservadores, 97%) e, para efeitos de precisão, de mais um perito (intraobservador, 99%). Os resultados garantem rigor e objetividade quando se descrevem os comportamentos observados. Devido aos elevados valores de concordância do índice Kappa que, variam entre 97% e 99%, é possível apurar a validade e fiabilidade do instrumento sendo adequado para observar os comportamentos técnicos dos patinadores quando realizam a curva. - The present study aimed to create an instrument able to register data for analysis of the technical stability when skaters skate on the curve in roller skating. The instrument is for observed behavior when skaters execute three crossovers. For this matter, the instruments liability and viability is very important. The instrument consisted on a system of field formats (Oliveira et al., 2001), based on references of observational methodology and biomechanical models of roller skating. The instrument’s validation was made using Kappa index (Anguera, 1993; Blanco, 1993 and 1997), based on records of three trained observers (inter-observer 97%) and plus an expert for accuracy purposes (intra-observer, 99%). The results guarantee accuracy and objectivity when describing the observed behaviors. Due to its high values, it is possible to determine the instrument’s liability and validity being adequate for observing skaters technical behaviors when skating on the curve

Processos estruturais e litígios estratégicos: uma análise das ADPFs 347, 635 e 709.

This paper aims to analyze the figure of structural processes in the jurisprudence of the Federal Supreme Court. To this end, the Arguments of Noncompliance with Fundamental Precepts (ADPFs) 347, 635 and 709 were chosen. At the same time, we sought to verify the practical use of the theories of institutional dialogues and institutional capabilities, as a way to ensure the legitimacy of the structuring decisions arising from structural processes, and thus prevent any kind of judicial activism and questions about the interference of the judiciary in public policies and budget choices. In the end, it will be verified whether the more incisive action of the judiciary is necessary for the realization of fundamental rights, especially for vulnerable groups.O presente trabalho tem por finalidade analisar a figura dos processos estruturais na jurisprudência do Supremo Tribunal Federal. E para tal objetivo foram escolhidas as Arguições de Descumprimento de Preceito Fundamental (ADPFs) de números 347, 635 e 709. Concomitantemente, buscou-se verificar na prática a utilização das teorias dos diálogos institucionais e das capacidades institucionais, como forma de garantir a legitimação das decisões estruturantes advindas dos processos estruturais, e com isso afastar qualquer tipo ativismo judicial e de questionamentos acerca da interferência do Poder Judiciário em políticas públicas e escolhas orçamentárias. Ao fim e ao cabo, será verificado se a atuação mais incisiva do judiciário é necessária para a concretização de direitos fundamentais, sobretudo de grupos vulneráveis

Observação dos padrões comportamentais em patinagem de velocidade

O presente estudo teve como objetivo a análise da estabilidade do padrão técnico na abordagem à curva em patinagem de velocidade, através de um instrumento “ad Hoc” de registo dos comportamentos observados durante a execução dos primeiros três cruzamentos. Recorrendo à metodologia observacional, o estudo centrou-se na caracterização dos padrões motores de oito patinadoras especializadas, numa distância de 300 metros. Os resultados demonstraram que cada uma das patinadoras apresenta o seu próprio padrão comportamental. Foi possível verificar padrões motores em todas as patinadoras, existindo padrões completos e incompletos. Não foi detetado um padrão comum a todas as patinadoras. Existe uma maior estabilidade, embora ligeira, dos padrões comportamentais na pista com curvas em releve e uma maior inclinação na mesma pista. - The present study aimed to analyze the technical pattern stability on approaching / beginning the curve, using an instrument to register observed behaviors during the execution of the first three crossovers. Using observational methodology, the study focused on the motor patterns characterization of eight expert skaters, during distance of 300 meters. The instrument consisted on a system of field formats (Oliveira et al., 2001), based on references of observational methodology and biomechanical models of roller speed skating. The results of the motor patterns showed that each one of the skaters has its own behavior pattern. It was possible to verify motor patterns in all skaters, existing complete and incomplete patterns. It is possible to determine the instrument’s reliability. It was not possible to determine a common pattern in all skaters. There is a bigger stability, although a slight one, of behavioral patterns on banked track and skaters’ total inclination is also bigger on banked track

Design and validation of an instrument for technical performance indicators of the kick (chagi) technique in taekwondo

Taekwondo is a martial art and combat sport that originated in medieval or similar cultures, but today it is primarily a combat activity conditioned by safety rules. The kick technique is called “chagi” (Korean language). “Eyeballing” is a problem that is being addressed with traditional training methods used in Taekwondo. (1) Background: To solve this problem, the main aim of this study was to develop an Observation System for Technical Performance Indicators-Chagi (OSTPI-C). The validation and reliability processes were carried out by 19 expert judges, who were required to meet at least four out of the five selected inclusion criteria. (2) Methods: The content validity was calculated using Aiken’s V coefficient value on qualitative (relevance, univocity, and importance) and quantitative levels (rating scale from one to five), through the agreement and consensus of the panel experts. The reliability of the instrument was analyzed using Cronbach’s alpha coefficient. (3) Results: The results demonstrated the high content validity indexes (0.90) and high reliability (alpha > 0.70) of the observational instrument. (4) Conclusions: The OSTIP-C observational instrument could be used in the Olympic and Paralympic Taekwondo sport environment as a valid and reliable tool to evaluate the technical execution of kick technical processes.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Wave Characteristics in Breaststroke Technique with and Without Snorkel Use

The purpose of this paper was to examine the characteristics of waves generated when swimming with and without the use of Aquatrainer® snorkels. Eight male swimmers performed two maximal bouts of 25 m breaststroke, first without the use of a snorkel (normal condition) and then using a snorkel (snorkel condition). The body landmarks, centre of the mass velocity, stroke rate, stroke length, stroke index, and Strouhal number (St) were quantified. Fourier analysis was conducted to determine the frequency, amplitude, and phase characteristics of the vertical undulations. We also determined the undulation period, the first and second harmonic wave percentage, and the contribution of these components to the power of each of the wave signals. The first wave harmonics had a frequency of 0.76 Hz (normal condition) and 0.78 Hz (snorkel condition), and the second wave harmonics had a frequency of 1.52 Hz (normal condition) and 1.56 Hz (snorkel condition). Under the normal conditions, the wave amplitude was higher on the vertex (0.72 m) and cervical (0.32 m) than that produced under snorkel conditions (0.71 m and 0.28 m, respectively). The lowest values were found in the hip (0.03 m in normal conditions, and 0.02 m in snorkel conditions) and in the trunk (0.06 m in normal conditions, and 0.04 m in snorkel conditions). It can be concluded that snorkel use seems to lead to slight changes in the biomechanical pattern in swimming velocity, as well as several stroke mechanical variables.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Stationary roller versus velodrome for maximal cycling test: a comparison

The present study aimed to compare the acute cardio-respiratory responses of elite cyclists to a maximal progressive exercise carried out in two different conditions: in a laboratory (using a braked roller) and in an uncovered velodrome. In both testing conditions, ten elite male cyclists (age, 22.3 ± 3.9 years) performed a maximal discontinuous progressive test of 6 minutes per level with 150 W of initial load and increasing 50 W at each level until exhaustion. The heart rate and the ventilation parameters were measured breath-by-breath using a portable metabolic cart gas analysis system with telemetry data transmission. In the first 4 levels of effort, no significant differences were found between the two test conditions regarding VO2, (p=0.193), heart rate (p=0.973) and pedaling cadence (p=0.116). Comparing the maximum values achieved by each athlete in both exercise conditions, significant differences were found for heart rate (p=0.008) and pedaling cadence (p=0.005) but not for VO2max and peak power. Each variable showed a strong correlation between both assessments (VO2, r=0.984, p=0,000; heart rate, r=0.944, p=0.005; pedaling cadence, r=0.900, p=0.014). The amount of variability explained by the linear regression model for both cardio-respiratory parameters also showed a good fit value close to one (VO2max, r2=0.968; heart rate, r2=0.892). Our results suggest that identical cycling protocols conducted in different testing conditions with the same bike leads to equivalent performance but significantly different pedaling cadence and heart rate responses

Occlusion technique in swimming: a training method to improve exchange block time in swimming relays

Swimming relay events have the concern regarding a good start is shared between the incoming and outgoing swimmers. The aim of this study was to evaluate changes in exchange block time (eBT) for swimming relay events as a result of a four-week training program using the occlusion technique. MeThodS: Twenty-eight national swimmers, 12 males (age: 17±1.83 years) and 16 females (age: 19.94±5.65 years) participated in this study. Subjects were required to undergo a training program on visual perception in relay swimming over the course of four weeks; they watched videos corresponding to the last movements of a swimmer during a 4×100m freestyle relay event. The videos were presented with temporal occlusion corresponding to predetermined approaching distances (7.5 m, 5.0 m, and 2.5 m). Swimmers were required to simulate a typical position for exiting the block and to estimate the time-to-contact of the incoming swimmer. The eBT was collected during a real 4×100-m freestyle competition before and after the application of the training program. RESULTS: Female swimmers showed a decreased in EBT, with an improvement of 1.42%, despite there not being a signifcant difference (p=0.68). The male swimmers had a higher improvement in eBT after the training, with a decrease of 13.34% (p=0.68). coNcluSioNS: Visual perception practice using video occlusion techniques seems to have a positive effect. on eBT in swimming relay events, particularly in female swimmersinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio