La femme en prison : un inconvénient social!

Engagé vis-à-vis de ces femmes, cet article décrira les origines des prisons québécoises et canadiennes pour femmes et tracera un portrait des détenues afin de répondre à cette question fondamentale : est-ce que la femme criminelle et particulièrement la femme emprisonnée est un inconvénient social ?The authors recall the origins of the two prisons for women in Quebec (Tanguay and Gomin) and of the one at Kingston in Ontario, They describe the sociological data of the prisoners and their need for institutional security. They then criticize the existing institutional programs and the high degree of security imposed on the prisoners, neither of which correspond to their actual needs. Why these deficiencies ? The prison authorities justify their lack of response by the fact that the out-of-province prisoners are dangerous and by the fact that their small number does not justify the heavy investments required to circumvent the problem. The authors finally describe the negative consequences of the internment on the prisoners and propose tentative solutions to the existing situation

Genotype-Informed Versus Empiric Management Of VirEmia (GIVE MOVE): study protocol of an open-label randomised clinical trial in children and adolescents living with HIV in Lesotho and Tanzania

Globally, the majority of people living with HIV have no or only limited access to HIV drug resistance testing to guide the selection of antiretroviral drugs. This is of particular concern for children and adolescents, who experience high rates of treatment failure. The GIVE MOVE trial assesses the clinical impact and cost-effectiveness of routinely providing genotypic resistance testing (GRT) to children and adolescents living with HIV who have an unsuppressed viral load (VL) while taking antiretroviral therapy (ART).; GIVE MOVE is an open-label randomised clinical trial enrolling children and adolescents (≥6 months to <19 years) living with HIV with a VL ≥400 copies/mL (c/mL) while taking first-line ART. Recruitment takes place at sites in Lesotho and Tanzania. Participants are randomised in a 1:1 allocation to a control arm receiving the standard of care (3 sessions of enhanced adherence counselling, a follow-up VL test, continuation of the same regimen upon viral resuppression or empiric selection of a new regimen upon sustained elevated viremia) and an intervention arm (GRT to inform onward treatment). The composite primary endpoint is the occurrence of any one or more of the following events during the 36 weeks of follow-up period: i) death due to any cause; ii) HIV- or ART-related hospital admission of ≥24 h duration; iii) new clinical World Health Organisation stage 4 event (excluding lymph node tuberculosis, stunting, oral or genital herpes simplex infection and oesophageal candidiasis); and iv) no documented VL <50 c/mL at 36 weeks follow-up. Secondary and exploratory endpoints assess additional health-related outcomes, and a nested study will assess the cost-effectiveness of the intervention. Enrolment of a total of 276 participants is planned, with an interim analysis scheduled after the first 138 participants have completed follow-up.; This randomised clinical trial will assess if the availability of resistance testing improves clinical outcomes in children and adolescents with elevated viremia while taking ART.; This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov ( NCT04233242 ; registered 18.01.2020). More information: www.givemove.org

Rare and low-frequency coding variants alter human adult height

Height is a highly heritable, classic polygenic trait with ~700 common associated variants identified so far through genome - wide association studies . Here , we report 83 height - associated coding variants with lower minor allele frequenc ies ( range of 0.1 - 4.8% ) and effects of up to 2 16 cm /allele ( e.g. in IHH , STC2 , AR and CRISPLD2 ) , >10 times the average effect of common variants . In functional follow - up studies, rare height - increasing alleles of STC2 (+1 - 2 cm/allele) compromise d proteolytic inhibition of PAPP - A and increased cleavage of IGFBP - 4 in vitro , resulting in higher bioavailability of insulin - like growth factors . The se 83 height - associated variants overlap genes mutated in monogenic growth disorders and highlight new biological candidates ( e.g. ADAMTS3, IL11RA, NOX4 ) and pathways ( e.g . proteoglycan/ glycosaminoglycan synthesis ) involved in growth . Our results demonstrate that sufficiently large sample sizes can uncover rare and low - frequency variants of moderate to large effect associated with polygenic human phenotypes , and that these variants implicate relevant genes and pathways

Partner Support for Smoking Cessation During Pregnancy: A Systematic Review

Introduction: Pregnancy is a key time to leverage receptivity to smoking reduction or cessation in both pregnant women and their partners. A partner’s smoking status and support for the pregnant/postpartum woman’s efforts to reduce or quit smoking may impact her smoking behavior. Methods: A systematic literature review of interventions to enhance partner support for pregnant/postpartum women’s smoking reduction or cessation and cessation treatments for the partners themselves identified 855 unique references, which were examined for relevance, yielding 9 intervention studies. Results: This narrative review analyzed a range of interventions including mass media campaigns, ultrasound scans, video, self-help manuals, counselling, and nicotine replacement therapies (NRTs) aimed at pregnant women and/or their partners. One randomized controlled trial (RCT) showed significant results for an intervention, which included a partner-targeted component in which pregnant women received health counselling, video and printed information, while partners received a booklet explaining the importance of quitting together. Three studies (1 RCT cluster, 1 pre–post test, 1 RCT) demonstrated no effect in improving smoking cessation among pregnant women. Two RCTs included free NRTs, telephone counselling, and multiple contacts as components of effective intervention for male partners, but impact on overall quit rates may not be sustainable postpartum. Seven studies (4 pre–post test, 2 RCT, 1 RCT cluster) found no effect of the intervention on partner smoking cessation. Conclusions: Despite the importance of partner smoking, there are very few effective smoking cessation interventions for pregnant/postpartum women that include or target male partners, suggesting the need for further intervention development and research to establish the utility of this approach

Expecting to Quit: A Best-Practices Review of Smoking Cessation Interventions for Pregnant and Postpartum Girls and Women

This report examines interventions designed to reduce or eliminate smoking during pregnancy. It considers these interventions using a “better practices” methodology designed by Moyer, Cameron, Garcia, and Maule (2002, p. 124) for intervention studies published prior to 2003, and a systematic review methodology from the National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE) (2006) in the UK for those studies published after 2003. We contextualize the results of these analyses in the wider literature on women’s health, women-centred care, and women’s tobacco use to better interpret them. These results build on those in the first edition of Expecting to Quit (Greaves et al., 2003), and culminate in the recommendations offered near the end of the report (in chapter 6)

Expecting to Quit: A Best-Practices Review of Smoking Cessation Interventions for Pregnant and Postpartum Girls and Women

Production of this report has been made possible through a financial contribution from Health Canada

Smoking on the margins: a comprehensive analysis of a municipal outdoor smoke-free policy

Background: This study examined the formulation, adoption, and implementation of a ban on smoking in the parks and beaches in Vancouver, Canada. Methods: Informed by Critical Multiplism, we explored the policy adoption process, support for and compliance with a local bylaw prohibiting smoking in parks and on beaches, experiences with enforcement, and potential health equity issues through a series of qualitative and quantitative studies. Results: Findings suggest that there was unanimous support for the introduction of the bylaw among policy makers, as well as a high degree of positive public support. We observed that smoking initially declined following the ban’s implementation, but that smoking practices vary in parks by location. We also found evidence of different levels of enforcement and compliance between settings, and between different populations of park and beach users. Conclusions: Overall success with the implementation of the bylaw is tempered by potential increases in health inequities because of variable enforcement of the ban; greatest levels of smoking appear to continue to occur in the least advantaged areas of the city. Jurisdictions developing such policies need to consider how to allocate sufficient resources to enhance voluntary compliance and ensure that such bylaws do not contribute to health inequities.Other UBCNon UBCReviewedFacult

COI_alignment

Aligned nucleotides of the COI mitochondrial gene in FASTA format