Proyecto de creación de empresa dedicado a la confección de ropa.

En el siguiente trabajo se presenta la elaboración de un proyecto que consiste en la creación de empresa dedicado a la confección de ropa para mujer. Esta idea surge de una continua búsqueda por parte de la mujer en prendas de vestir que sean cómodas y útiles para cualquier ocasión bien sea en el trabajo, en su hogar o en una reunión. Este proyecto inicio con la segmentación del mercado, mediante la cual se procedió a realizar una investigación con su respectivo análisis sobre los requerimientos que busca una mujer en el momento de elegir una prenda de vestir. Para ello se aplicó una encuesta que se enfoca tanto en el producto como tal, hasta su empaque. Los datos fueron estipulados por medio de un estudio de costos y cotizaciones reales. Crear empresa no es fácil, debido a que se requiere una inversión grande por parte de los socios y por la cual muchas veces las ideas y proyectos quedan en un papel, pues cada día son más los documentos, papeles y requerimientos que exige una entidad para brindar un préstamo. Es por ello que este proyecto, más que una nota representa un proyecto a futuro por parte de sus autoras con el cual se quiere entrar en la Industria Colombiana.1 INTRODUCCIÓN 2 IDENTIFICACIÓN EL PROYECTO 2.1 MARCO TEÓRICO 2.1.1 Antecedentes Internacionales 2.1.2 Antecedentes Nacionales 2.1.3 Definición del tema 2.1.4 Problema a solucionar 2.1.5 Objetivo general del proyecto 2.1.6 Objetivos específicos del proyecto 2.1.7 Delimitación del proyecto por área geográfica 2.1.8 Delimitación del proyecto por producto 2.1.9 Concepto de creación Empresarial 2.1.10 Justificación económica del proyecto 2.1.11 Justificación social del proyecto 2.1.12 Justificación como proyecto de vida 2.1.13 Fuentes de información secundaria 2.2 MARCO REFERENCIAL 2.2.1 Nombre o razón social del proyecto 2.2.2 Capital Social 2.2.3 Logo de la sociedad 2.2.4 Eslogan – eje de comunicación externa 2.2.5 Clasificación CIIU – Actividad Económica 2.3 MARCO LEGAL 2.3.1 TRÁMITES ANTE CÁMARA DE COMERCIO 2.3.2 Trámite ante la DIAN 2.3.3 TRÁMITE ANTE SECRETARÍA DISTRITAL 2.3.4 TRÁMITE POR SEGURIDAD SOCIAL 2.3.5 TRÁMITE POR PARAFISCALES 2.3.6 OTROS PERMISOS REQUERIDOS 3 ANALÍSIS DEL MERCADO 3.1 SEGMENTACIÓN DEL MERCADO 3.1.1 Construcción de la matriz producto-mercado-canales de distribución 3.1.2 Segmentación para personas naturales 3.2 ANÁLISIS DE LA DEMANDA 3.2.1 Proyección de la demanda por mínimos cuadrados 3.2.2 Determinación de la elasticidad precio de la demanda 3.2.3 Determinación de la elasticidad ingreso de la demanda 3.3 ANÁLISIS DEL PRODUCTO 3.4 ANÁLISIS DE LA COMPETENCIA POR CICLO DE LA VIDA DE LOS PRODUCTOS 3.4.1 Competidores directos Fuente: Autores 3.4.2 Competidores indirectos 3.5 TRABAJO DE CAMPO 3.5.1 Ficha técnica del trabajo de campo 3.5.2 Determinación del tamaño de la muestra 3.5.3 Determinación del tipo de muestreo 3.5.4 Formulario 3.5.5 Tabulación y análisis de resultados 4 DIAGNOSTICO SECTORIAL Y EMPRESARIAL 4.1 FORMULACIÓN ESTRATÉGICA DEL PROYECTO 4.1.1 Misión 4.1.2 Visión 4.2 ANÁLISIS D.O.F.A DEL PROYECTO 82 4.2.1 Construcción del perfil de competitividad interna 4.2.2 Construcción del perfil de capacidad externa 4.2.3 Cruce estratégico del proyecto 4.2.4 Formulación y propuesta estratégica de introducción al mercado 5 ESTRUCTURA ORGANIZACIONAL 5.1 Determinación de las áreas funcionales del proyecto 5.1.1 Producción 5.1.2 Financiera 5.1.3 Comercial 5.1.4 Talento humano 5.2 ORGANIGRAMA 5.3 MANUALES DE FUNCIONES 5.4 MAPAS DE PROCESO POR ÁREAS FUNCIONALES Y NIVELES DE RESPONSABILIDAD 5.4.1 PRODUCCIÓN 5.4.2 FINANCIERA 5.4.3 COMERCIAL 5.4.4 TALENTO HUMANO 5.5 CONSTRUCCIÓN DE INDICADORES DE GESTION 6 LOCALIZACION Y TAMAÑO DEL PROYECTO 6.1 DETERMINACION DE LA UBICACIÓN DEL PROYECTO 6.2 TAMAÑO DEL PROYECTO 6.2.1 Situación de la empresa 5.2.2.2 Proyección de la empresa 7 ESTUDIO TÉCNICO DEL PROYECTO 7.1 Evaluación técnica de las materias primas 7.2 Selección del proceso o sistema de producción 7.3 SELECCIÓN Y ESPECIFICACION DE MAQUINARIA Y EQUIPO 8 ESTUDIO FINANCIEROS Y EVALUACIÓN ECONÓMICA DEL PROYECTO 8.1 Determinación de la capacidad instalada 8.1.1 Jeans 8.1.2 Camisas 8.2 Presupuestos de costos directos de producción 8.2.1 Costos por materia prima 8.2.2 Costos de otros insumos 8.2.3 Costos por mano de obra y producción 8.2.4 Costos por consumo de energía 8.2.5 Costos por depreciación de tecnología en planta resumen de los costos directos de producción 8.2.6 Resumen de costos directos de producción 8.3 Presupuesto de costos indirectos de producción 8.3.1 Gastos administrativos 8.3.2 Gastos de nómina indirecta 8.3.3 Gastos de mercadeo y comercialización 8.3.4 Gastos por depreciación de equipos de oficina 8.3.5 Resumen de los costos indirectos de producción 8.4 Clasificación de los costos totales 8.4.1 Costos totales 8.4.2 Costos por unidad 8.5 Financiación del proyecto 8.5.1 Cuantificación de los recursos en el proyecto 8.5.2 Plan de amortización de crédito 8.5.3 Flujo de inversiones 8.5.4 Flujo de operaciones del proyecto 8.6 ANALISIS ECONÓMICO DEL PROYECTO 8.6.1 Punto de equilibrio 8.6.2 Valor presente neto y Tasa interna de retorno 8.6.3 Periodo de recuperación de la inversión 9 BIBLIOGRAFÍA 10 CIBERGRAFÍA 11 ANEXÓSPregradoTecnólogo en Gestión de Procesos IndustrialesIngeniería Industria

When mycosis fungoides seems not to be within the spectrum of clinical and histopathological differential diagnoses

The most prevalent primary cutaneous T-cell lymphoma, mycosis fungoides (MF), is characterized by the development of plaques and nodules after an erythematous patchy phase that is non-specific. An infiltrate of atypical small- to medium-sized cerebriform lymphocytes in the superficial dermis, with variable epidermotropism, is the histopathological hallmark of the disease. In more advanced stages of the illness, large-cell transformation may be seen. Early diagnosis of MF can be very challenging based only on histopathologic or clinical findings, so it is critical to have a clinical-pathological correlation. Many atypical variants of MF that deviate from the classic Alibert-Bazin presentation of the disease have been described over the past 30 years, sometimes with different prognostic and therapeutic implications. Clinically or histopathologically, they can mimic a wide range of benign inflammatory skin disorders. To make a conclusive diagnosis in these cases, it is recommended to take multiple biopsies from various lesions and to carefully correlate the clinical and pathological findings. We have outlined the various facets of the illness in this review, positioning MF as a “great imitator”, with an emphasis on the more recently identified variations, differential diagnosis, and its benign mimics

Formación de investigadores en tecnologías de banda ancha

En el panorama tecnológico actual se habla de ofrecer al usuario final la posibilidad de acceder a la información de manera interactiva y con independencia de la red o el terminal, sea ésta voz, datos o video. Son muchas las opciones tecnológicas probadas en diferentes entornos, sin embargo la mayoría aun no integra todos los servicios en la misma plataforma. Estas realidades y promesas tecnológicas se hacen posibles mediante un recurso que en la práctica está limitado por las condiciones físicas del medio de propagación, la capacidad de cómputo de los elementos de red, los sistemas operativos y en general todos los elementos que intervienen en un sistema de telecomunicaciones, este recurso es el Ancho de Banda. Atendiendo a la necesidad de formar investigadores en este campo el Programa de Ingeniería Electrónica y de Telecomunicaciones de la Universidad Católica de Colombia, crea el Semillero de Investigación en Comunicaciones Móviles y Banda Ancha. Este documento describe en forma general la justificación, objetivos y logros más relevantes del Semillero, para lo cual, en la primera parte se hace una breve descripción de los conceptos de la banda ancha y se exponen algunos de los avances más notables al respecto, y en la segunda parte presenta los avances de dos proyectos de investigación formativa desarrollados por los estudiantes adscritos al Semiller

Effectiveness of ixekizumab for the treatment of moderate‐to‐severe plaque psoriasis with involvement of difficult‐to‐treat areas: A 52‐week multicenter retrospective study

Biological drugs have dramatically changed the approach to treating moderate-to-severe plaque psoriasis, achieving excellent skin clearance and safety outcomes. However, the management of difficult-to-treat areas (e.g., scalp, palms/soles, nails, and genitalia) still represents a challenge in psoriasis treatment. Data in the literature on difficult-to-treat sites are limited and, frequently, no specific analysis is performed during clinical trials. We conducted a 52-week, retrospective study to evaluate the effectiveness of ixekizumab in 120 patients with moderate-to-severe plaque psoriasis of at least one difficult-to-treat area (scalp, palmoplantar surfaces, nails, and genitalia). Ninety-nine patients had scalp psoriasis, 35 had involvement of the palms or soles, 27 were affected by genital psoriasis, and 22 patients reported involvement of the nails. After 1 year of treatment, 96% of patients with scalp involvement, 95.6% of patients with palmoplantar psoriasis, 95.2% of patients with genital psoriasis, and 85% of patients with nail involvement achieved a site-specific Physician's Global Assessment of 0 or 1 (clear or almost clear). No serious adverse events were observed during the study. Our study supports the effectiveness of ixekizumab in plaque psoriasis involving difficult-to-treat sites

Modelo estratégico integral para el proceso de salud ocupacional con énfasis en gestión del conocimiento de la empresa HARD INGENERÍA S.A.S

El potencial más alto que poseen las empresas es su capital humano, ya que dependiendo de las habilidades, estrategias y su innovación se constituyen en los únicos elementos diferenciadores de las organizaciones, cobrando igualmente gran importancia las ventajas competitivas, los factores intangibles como el conocimiento, la formación , capacidad de adaptarse al cambio.The highest potential that companies have is their human capital, since depending on skills, strategies and their innovation, they are the only differentiating elements of organizations, with competitive advantages, intangible factors such as knowledge, equally important. training, ability to adapt to change

Italian Guidelines in diagnosis and treatment of alopecia areata

Alopecia areata (AA) is an organ-specific autoimmune disorder that targets anagen phase hair follicles. The course is unpredictable and current available treatments have variable efficacy. Nowadays, there is relatively little evidence on treatment of AA from well-designed clinical trials. Moreover, none of the treatments or devices commonly used to treat AA are specifically approved by the Food and Drug Administration. The Italian Study Group for Cutaneous Annexial Disease of the Italian Society of dermatology proposes these Italian guidelines for diagnosis and treatment of Alopecia Areata deeming useful for the daily management of the disease. This article summarizes evidence-based treatment associated with expert-based recommendations

Genetic Testing to Inform Epilepsy Treatment Management From an International Study of Clinical Practice

IMPORTANCE: It is currently unknown how often and in which ways a genetic diagnosis given to a patient with epilepsy is associated with clinical management and outcomes. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate how genetic diagnoses in patients with epilepsy are associated with clinical management and outcomes. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: This was a retrospective cross-sectional study of patients referred for multigene panel testing between March 18, 2016, and August 3, 2020, with outcomes reported between May and November 2020. The study setting included a commercial genetic testing laboratory and multicenter clinical practices. Patients with epilepsy, regardless of sociodemographic features, who received a pathogenic/likely pathogenic (P/LP) variant were included in the study. Case report forms were completed by all health care professionals. EXPOSURES: Genetic test results. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: Clinical management changes after a genetic diagnosis (ie, 1 P/LP variant in autosomal dominant and X-linked diseases; 2 P/LP variants in autosomal recessive diseases) and subsequent patient outcomes as reported by health care professionals on case report forms. RESULTS: Among 418 patients, median (IQR) age at the time of testing was 4 (1-10) years, with an age range of 0 to 52 years, and 53.8% (n = 225) were female individuals. The mean (SD) time from a genetic test order to case report form completion was 595 (368) days (range, 27-1673 days). A genetic diagnosis was associated with changes in clinical management for 208 patients (49.8%) and usually (81.7% of the time) within 3 months of receiving the result. The most common clinical management changes were the addition of a new medication (78 [21.7%]), the initiation of medication (51 [14.2%]), the referral of a patient to a specialist (48 [13.4%]), vigilance for subclinical or extraneurological disease features (46 [12.8%]), and the cessation of a medication (42 [11.7%]). Among 167 patients with follow-up clinical information available (mean [SD] time, 584 [365] days), 125 (74.9%) reported positive outcomes, 108 (64.7%) reported reduction or elimination of seizures, 37 (22.2%) had decreases in the severity of other clinical signs, and 11 (6.6%) had reduced medication adverse effects. A few patients reported worsening of outcomes, including a decline in their condition (20 [12.0%]), increased seizure frequency (6 [3.6%]), and adverse medication effects (3 [1.8%]). No clinical management changes were reported for 178 patients (42.6%). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: Results of this cross-sectional study suggest that genetic testing of individuals with epilepsy may be materially associated with clinical decision-making and improved patient outcomes

The role of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPAR\u3b3) in psoriasis

Introduzione: Il Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor \u3b3 (PPAR-gamma) \ue8 un recettore ormonale nucleare e la sua attivazione regola il metabolismo glucidico e lipidico, la proliferazione cellulare, differenziamento e down-modula la sintesi di citochine pro-infiammatorie. Il nostro precedente studio in vitro ha dimostrato la capacit\ue0 di un nuovo agonista del PPAR \u3b3 (GED) di inibire la proliferazione e l\u2019infiammazione nei cheratinociti umani. L'espressione di PPAR \u3b3 nell'epidermide psoriasica e \ue8 controversa. Lo scopo di questo studio \ue8 di valutare l'espressione del recettore PPAR \u3b3 su cute lesionale psoriasica rispetto all'epidermide di soggetti sani. Materiali e Metodi: Abbiamo valutato l'espressione immunoistochimica del PPAR \u3b3 in 13 biopsie di cute lesionale psoriasica e 10 biopsie di sute sana. Abbiamo ulteriormente valutato l'espressione di markers di proliferazione (ki-67) e infiammatorio (CD3) per evidenziare possibili correlazioni con il PPAR \u3b3. Risultati: Nella cute sana il PPAR \u3b3 \ue8 risultato espresso nei nuclei dei cheratinociti dello strato granuloso in correlazione con il processo di differenziazione. Nella placca psoriasica PPAR \u3b3 ha presentato una localizzazione citoplasmatica in tutti gli strati soprabasali in correlazione con i marcatori di proliferazione e infiammazione Conclusione: la localizzazione citoplasmatica del PPAR \u3b3 pu\uf2 indicare una perdita di funzione del recettore nucleare bella fase attiva di malattia psoriasica, supportando la necessit\ue0 di un nuovo agonista del PPAR \u3b3 nel trattamento della psoriasi. Lo studio di fase I con l'applicazione topica di GED nei pazienti psoriasici ha mostrato l'assenza di effetti collaterali.Background: Peroxisome proliferator\u2013activated receptor \u3b3 ( PPAR\u3b3) is a nuclear hormone receptor and its activation regulates glucose and lipid metabolism, cell proliferation, differentiation as well as downmodulates the synthesis of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Our previous in vitro study demonstrated the ability of a new PPAR agonist (GED) to suppress proliferative and inflammatory processes in keratinocytes. However, the expression of PPAR\u3b3 in the hyperproliferative psoriatic epidermis is controversial. The aim of this study is to evaluate the expression of PPAR\u3b3 in psoriatic skin as compared to healthy epidermis. Materials and Methods: We evaluated the immunohistochemical expression of PPAR\u3b3 in 13 biopsies of lesional psoriatic skin and 10 biopsies of healthy skin. We further analyse the expression of a proliferation (ki-67) and of an inflammatory (CD3) marker to show possible correlations. Results: In healthy skin PPAR\u3b3 resulted expressed in the nuclei of the keratinocytes of the stratum granulosum in correlation with the process of differentiation. In psoriatic plaque PPAR\u3b3 had a cytoplasmic localization in all the suprabasal layers in correlation with proliferative and inflammatory markers. Conclusion: the cytoplasmic localization of PPAR\u3b3 may indicate a loss of function of the nuclear receptor, supporting the need for a new PPARgamma agonist in the treatment of psoriasis. Phase I study with topical application of GED in psoriatic patients showed absence of side effects

CDX2 expression in cutaneous metastatic carcinomas and extramammary Paget's Disease.

International audienceBACKGROUND: CDX2 is a gene involved in the regulation of intestinal cell proliferation/differentiation. It is considered specific for enterocytes and has been used for the diagnosis of primary and metastatic colon adenocarcinoma. The aim of this study was to assess the usefulness of CDX2 in the diagnosis of cutaneous metastatic tumors and extramammary Paget's disease. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The immunohistochemical expression of CDX2 was studied in 68 cutaneous metastatic tumors of various origins and 14 specimens of extramammary Paget's disease. RESULTS: CDX2 expression was found in 3/6 metastases of colon adenocarcinoma, 1/1 metastasis of urothelial carcinoma and 1/2 extramammary Paget's disease. CONCLUSION: CDX2 appears to be specific for cutaneous metastases from intestinal and urothelial carcinomas and is a useful diagnostic marker of these tumors. However, its sensitivity is modest, and we advocate its use in conjunction with additional immunohistochemical markers. CDX2 seems useful for the diagnosis of extramammary Paget's disease associated with an underlying colorectal tumor

Zosteriform lichen planus after herpes zoster: report of a new case of Wolf’s isotopic phenomenon and literature review

The Wolf’s isotopic phenomenon corresponds to the occurrence of a skin disease at a body site affected previously by a different, already healed dermatosis. We report a 74-year-old man who presented with a zosteriform eruption consisting of erythematous-scaly, slightly pruritic papules on the right flank some weeks after herpes zoster (HZ) had healed on the same area. Histologic examination showed typical changes of lichen planus, confirming the diagnosis of post-HZ zosteriform lichen planus (ZLP). The lesions regressed with topical steroid treatment. Zosteriform lichen planus (ZLP) is one example of Wolf’s isotopic phenomenon appearing after HZ. So far, only 17 cases have been reported in the literature. The precise pathogenesis of ZLP is not well known, although persisting viral proteins could be responsible for the hypersensitivity reaction. We review and discuss the salient clinicopathologic features of this rare entity based on a thorough literature review