Risk profiles and one-year outcomes of patients with newly diagnosed atrial fibrillation in India: Insights from the GARFIELD-AF Registry.

BACKGROUND: The Global Anticoagulant Registry in the FIELD-Atrial Fibrillation (GARFIELD-AF) is an ongoing prospective noninterventional registry, which is providing important information on the baseline characteristics, treatment patterns, and 1-year outcomes in patients with newly diagnosed non-valvular atrial fibrillation (NVAF). This report describes data from Indian patients recruited in this registry. METHODS AND RESULTS: A total of 52,014 patients with newly diagnosed AF were enrolled globally; of these, 1388 patients were recruited from 26 sites within India (2012-2016). In India, the mean age was 65.8 years at diagnosis of NVAF. Hypertension was the most prevalent risk factor for AF, present in 68.5% of patients from India and in 76.3% of patients globally (P < 0.001). Diabetes and coronary artery disease (CAD) were prevalent in 36.2% and 28.1% of patients as compared with global prevalence of 22.2% and 21.6%, respectively (P < 0.001 for both). Antiplatelet therapy was the most common antithrombotic treatment in India. With increasing stroke risk, however, patients were more likely to receive oral anticoagulant therapy [mainly vitamin K antagonist (VKA)], but average international normalized ratio (INR) was lower among Indian patients [median INR value 1.6 (interquartile range {IQR}: 1.3-2.3) versus 2.3 (IQR 1.8-2.8) (P < 0.001)]. Compared with other countries, patients from India had markedly higher rates of all-cause mortality [7.68 per 100 person-years (95% confidence interval 6.32-9.35) vs 4.34 (4.16-4.53), P < 0.0001], while rates of stroke/systemic embolism and major bleeding were lower after 1 year of follow-up. CONCLUSION: Compared to previously published registries from India, the GARFIELD-AF registry describes clinical profiles and outcomes in Indian patients with AF of a different etiology. The registry data show that compared to the rest of the world, Indian AF patients are younger in age and have more diabetes and CAD. Patients with a higher stroke risk are more likely to receive anticoagulation therapy with VKA but are underdosed compared with the global average in the GARFIELD-AF. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION-URL: http://www.clinicaltrials.gov. Unique identifier: NCT01090362

Efeito de regimes alimentares sobre o peso corpo- ral e parâmetros reprodutivos de cabras nativas

This work aimed to evaluate the effect of different alimentary regimes on the dry matter intake, corporal weight variation and reproductive parameters of goats raised in the semi-arid region of Northeastern Brazil. Fifty-six goats were distributed into four treatments: diet 1) caatinga and palm forage; diet 2) caatinga, palm forage and concentrate; diet 3) buffel grass and palm forage; diet 4) buffel grass, palm forage and concentrate. It was observed greater (p<0.05) total weight gain and daily weight gain in the goats which were under buffel grass pasture or caatinga receiving supplementation with palm forage and concentrate. The alimentary regimes promoted the weight gain up to 16 g/animal/day during the dry season. The reproductive performance was not influenced (p>0.05) by the alimentary regimes. In conclusion, diets receiving supplementation with palm forage and concentrate increased the goat's weight gain; however, it did not affect the estrus behavior, parturition rate or prolificity of these females.Objetivou-se com esse trabalho avaliar o efeito de diferentes regimes alimentares sobre o consu- mo de matéria seca, variação do peso corporal e os parâmetros reprodutivos de cabras explora- das na região semiárida do Nordeste do Brasil. Foram utilizadas 56 cabras distribuídas homoge- neamente em quatro tratamentos: dieta 1) caatinga e palma forrageira; dieta 2) caatinga, palma forrageira e concentrado; dieta 3) capim-buffel e palma forrageira; dieta 4) capim-buffel, palma forrageira e concentrado. Foram observados maiores (p<0,05) ganhos de pesos totais e ganhos médios diários nas cabras que pastejaram capim- buffel ou caatinga recebendo suplementação com palma e concentrado. Os regimes alimentares utilizados possibilitaram ganhos de peso de até 16 g/animal/dia durante o período seco. O desempenho reprodutivo das cabras não foi influenciado (p>0,05) pelos regimes alimentares. Conclui-se que a suplementação com palma e concentrado melhorou o ganho de peso das cabras, no entanto, não influenciou na atividade estral, taxa de parição ou prolificidade dessas fêmeas

Antibiotics in the poultry industry: a review on antimicrobial resistance

Since the first practical application of penicillin during World War II, the use of antibiotics has become an essential tool to treat infectious diseases and, after this event, many other drugs have been described, tested and used. However, the use of antimicrobials extends beyond the therapeutic treatment of animals and men, considering that, in some countries, these drugs are used in food producing animals with the objective of improving performance and reducing mortality. However, according to the World Health Organization, the use of antimicrobials in animal production should be controlled and restricted due to the risk of selecting resistant bacteria in different environments when these drugs are used indiscriminately. Therefore, the European Union prohibited the use of antibiotics as growth promoters in feed for production animals in 2006 as a precaution and this measure forced other countries, including Brazil, to adapt to this new demand in order to continue exporting products for this important economic bloc. Antimicrobial resistance may be coded by chromosomes or plasmids, which facilitates gene spreading. In addition, mechanisms of genetic interchange provide transmission from one bacterium to another, generating the occurrence of resistance to multiple antimicrobial drug classes, named multidrug resistance. This issue has been considered a major concern to the public health, since the transference of resistance to the human population by chicken meat is not clearly described. Therefore, this study reviewed the use of antibiotics in the poultry industry and, in order to do it so, information on the discovery and use of antimicrobials, mechanisms of action and resistance, as well as their impacts on the poultry industry were gathered. In addition, a lack in scientific literature has been observed in this study due to the low amount of papers addressing this theme in the poultry industry area.Desde a primeira aplicação prática da penicilina durante a Segunda Guerra Mundial, o uso de antimicrobianos se tornou uma ferramenta essencial para o tratamento de doenças infecciosas e, após este evento, muitos outros antibióticos passaram a ser descritos, testados e utilizados. Entretanto, o uso de antimicrobianos se extende além do tratamento terapêutico de humanos ou animais, uma vez que é utilizado em algumas partes do mundo na alimentação de animais de produção com o intuito de melhorar o desempenho e reduzir a mortalidade. Todavia, de acordo com a Organização Mundial de Saúde, deve haver controle e restrição ao uso de antimicrobianos na produção animal, pois o uso indiscriminado pode selecionar bactérias resistentes em diversos ecossistemas. Com base nesse pressuposto, a União Europeia, por precaução, vetou o uso de antibióticos como promotores de crescimento na alimentação dos animais de produção no ano de 2006 e essa proibição fez com que muitos países, incluindo o Brasil, se adaptasse à nova legislação para continuar exportando a esse bloco econômico. A resistência às drogas antibacterianas pode ser codificada pelo cromossomo bacteriano ou em plasmídeos, o que facilita a difusão de genes. E é através desses mecanismos de intercâmbio genético que muitas bactérias se tornaram resistentes a múltiplas classes de agentes antimicrobianos, sendo este fenômeno denominado multirresistência. Esta problemática vem se tornando fonte de preocupação para a saúde pública, uma vez que não está claramente descrita a transferência de resistência à população humana pelo consumo da carne de frango. Diante do exposto, revisou-se o tema antibióticos no setor avícola e reuniu-se informações sobre a descoberta e uso dos antimicrobianos, seus mecanismos de ação e de resistência, bem como os impactos dessa problemática na avicultura. Adicionalmente, com esse estudo pôde-se observar uma lacuna na literatura científica devido à escassez de trabalhos acerca dessa temática na avicultura

Genotype by environment interaction in different birth seasons for weight at 240, 365 and 450 days of age in Tabapuã cattle

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of genotype by environment interaction (GEI) on the weight of Tabapuã cattle at 240 (W240), 365 (W365) and 450 (W450) days of age. In total, 35,732 records of 8,458 Tabapuã animals which were born in the state of Bahia, Brazil, from 1975 to 2001, from 167 sires and 3,707 dams, were used. Two birth seasons were tested as for the environment effect: the dry (D) and rainy (R) ones. The covariance components were obtained by a multiple-trait analysis using Bayesian inference, in which each trait was considered as being different in each season. Covariance components were estimated by software gibbs2f90. As for W240, the model was comprised of contemporary groups and cow age (in classes) as fixed effects; animal and maternal genetic additive, maternal permanent environmental and residual were considered as random effects. Concerning W365 and W450, the model included only the contemporary aged cow groups as fixed effects and the genetic additive and residual effects of the animal as the random ones. The GEI was assessed considering the genetic correlation, in which values below 0.80 indicated the presence of GEI. Regarding W365 and W450, the GEI was found in both seasons. As for post-weaning weight (W240), the effect of such interaction was not observed