Mudanças temporais na pesca artesanal caiçara e alternativas para manejo: um estudo de casa na costa sudeste do Brasil

This paper describes a case study of the changes in fishing that occurred in a Brazilian coastal community after a 10 year interval (1992-2002). There was a decrease in the mean amount of fish caught daily (from 14 kg to 11.32 kg) and annually (from 4.2 t to 3.4 t) and in the richness of species caught (from 21 to 17 species); there was also a low similarity in the species composition of the fish landings (Morisita-Horn index Ch = 0.24). These changes suggested a decline in the locally exploited fish populations, which probably caused the discontinuation of commercial artisanal fishing. However, the diversity of fish caught by hook and line and purse-seine fishing was higher in the second period, whereas there was no significant difference in the diversity of fish caught using gillnets. Despite these changes, the CPUE showed no significant alteration and non-intensive fishing is still practiced by a few (6-35) people in the community. Co-management alternatives (fishing regulations, oysterfarms, ecotourism, etc.) are suggested and may be applicable to other coastal communities after appropriate adaptation for each location.O uso de recursos por comunidades humanas tem influência direta na conservação da biodiversidade, na medida em que a forma como ele é executada pode implicar em conservação ou sobre-uso dos recursos. Este artigo descreve um estudo de caso sobre as mudanças ocorridas na pesca em uma comunidade da costa brasileira ao longo de 10 anos (1992-2002). Houve um decréscimo das quantidades médias capturadas diariamente (de 14 kg para 11.32 kg) e anualmente (de 4.2 t para 3.4 t) e também na riqueza de espécies (de 21 para 17 espécies). Além disso, a similaridade da composição de espécies presentes nos desembarques pesqueiros entre os dois períodos foi baixa. (Índice de Morisita-Horn Ch = 0.24). Estas mudanças sugerem um declínio das populações de peixes exploradas localmente, o que provavelmente causou o fim da pesca artesanal comercial. No entanto, a diversidade de espécies capturadas com caniço e com o cerco com redes foi maior no segundo período, enquanto não houve diferença significativa na diversidade de peixes capturada com redes de espera. Apesar destas mudanças, não houve alteração significativa na CPUE e a pesca não intensiva é ainda praticada por alguns membros da comunidade (6-35). Algumas medidas de co-manejo, baseadas no que já é de certa forma realizado pela comunidade (controle da pesca, cultivo de ostras, ecoturismo, etc.), são propostas e podem ser aplicadas a outras comunidades costeiras após serem apropriadamente adaptadas às características locais, objetivando a manutenção do uso continuado dos recursos, mas de forma racional.00Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES

A qualidade sócioambiental em assentamentos rurais do Rio Grande do Norte, Brasil.

The Brazilian land reform is a possible strategy to reduce poverty and increase social equality, but it depends on efficient public policies capable of making the peasants selfsustainable. With the goal of presenting the main socio-economic challenges of 33 rural settlements of former landless peasantsin Rio Grande do Norte State (Northeastern Brazil), we evaluated socio, economic and environmental aspects of 631 families from these settlements and 16 “Restoration Plan for Degraded Areas” (PRAD), prepared between 2007 and 2010. The emancipation of a settlement, measured through income generation, schooling level, and changes in people’s environmental habits, was not related to the age of the settlement. Also, the income of a settlement is hardly dependent on agriculture, being mostly affected by distance from urban centers, number of retired people in the household and participation in social programs. Low schooling level and aging of the settlement are determinant factors in the increase of deforestation of Legal Reserves and Areas of Permanent Protection. These data suggest than land reform is still deicient in the Brazilian northeast; it does not prioritize the socioeconomic independence of the settlements and ignore their environmental situation

Building leaders for the UN Ocean Science Decade : a guide to supporting early career women researchers within academic marine research institutions

Diverse and inclusive marine research is paramount to addressing ocean sustainability challenges in the 21st century, as envisioned by the UN Decade of Ocean Science for Sustainable Development. Despite increasing efforts to diversify ocean science, women continue to face barriers at various stages of their career, which inhibits their progression to leadership within academic institutions. In this perspective, we draw on the collective experiences of thirty-four global women leaders, bolstered by a narrative review, to identify practical strategies and actions that will help empower early career women researchers to become the leaders of tomorrow. We propose five strategies: (i) create a more inclusive culture, (ii) ensure early and equitable career development opportunities for women ECRs, (iii) ensure equitable access to funding for women ECRs, (iv) offer mentoring opportunities and, (v) create flexible, family-friendly environments. Transformational, meaningful, and lasting change will only be achieved through commitment and collaborative action across various scales and by multiple stakeholders.Peer reviewe

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear un derstanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5–7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8–11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world’s most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepre sented in biodiversity databases.13–15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may elim inate pieces of the Amazon’s biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological com munities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple or ganism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region’s vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most ne glected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lostinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Rationale, study design, and analysis plan of the Alveolar Recruitment for ARDS Trial (ART): Study protocol for a randomized controlled trial

Background: Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is associated with high in-hospital mortality. Alveolar recruitment followed by ventilation at optimal titrated PEEP may reduce ventilator-induced lung injury and improve oxygenation in patients with ARDS, but the effects on mortality and other clinical outcomes remain unknown. This article reports the rationale, study design, and analysis plan of the Alveolar Recruitment for ARDS Trial (ART). Methods/Design: ART is a pragmatic, multicenter, randomized (concealed), controlled trial, which aims to determine if maximum stepwise alveolar recruitment associated with PEEP titration is able to increase 28-day survival in patients with ARDS compared to conventional treatment (ARDSNet strategy). We will enroll adult patients with ARDS of less than 72 h duration. The intervention group will receive an alveolar recruitment maneuver, with stepwise increases of PEEP achieving 45 cmH(2)O and peak pressure of 60 cmH2O, followed by ventilation with optimal PEEP titrated according to the static compliance of the respiratory system. In the control group, mechanical ventilation will follow a conventional protocol (ARDSNet). In both groups, we will use controlled volume mode with low tidal volumes (4 to 6 mL/kg of predicted body weight) and targeting plateau pressure <= 30 cmH2O. The primary outcome is 28-day survival, and the secondary outcomes are: length of ICU stay; length of hospital stay; pneumothorax requiring chest tube during first 7 days; barotrauma during first 7 days; mechanical ventilation-free days from days 1 to 28; ICU, in-hospital, and 6-month survival. ART is an event-guided trial planned to last until 520 events (deaths within 28 days) are observed. These events allow detection of a hazard ratio of 0.75, with 90% power and two-tailed type I error of 5%. All analysis will follow the intention-to-treat principle. Discussion: If the ART strategy with maximum recruitment and PEEP titration improves 28-day survival, this will represent a notable advance to the care of ARDS patients. Conversely, if the ART strategy is similar or inferior to the current evidence-based strategy (ARDSNet), this should also change current practice as many institutions routinely employ recruitment maneuvers and set PEEP levels according to some titration method.Hospital do Coracao (HCor) as part of the Program 'Hospitais de Excelencia a Servico do SUS (PROADI-SUS)'Brazilian Ministry of Healt

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear understanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5,6,7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8,9,10,11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world's most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepresented in biodiversity databases.13,14,15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may eliminate pieces of the Amazon's biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological communities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple organism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region's vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most neglected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lost

Ecologia caiçara : pesca e uso de recursos na comunidade da praia do Puruba

Orientador: Alpina BegossiDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de BiologiaResumo: O litoral de São Paulo ainda conta com a presença de caiçaras (descendentes de índios e portugueses) que habitam a região, sobrevivendo, originalmente, da pesca e da agricultura de coivara, especialmente de mandioca. Os caiçaras exibem um amplo contato e dependência do ambiente natural, sendo, portanto de interesse para os estudos de ecologia humana. Neste contexto, os objetivos do presente estudo foram: analisar a pesca artesanal realizada pela comunidade caiçara da Praia do Puruba, com enfoque em teorias ecológicas como Forrageio Ótimo (Forrageio a partir do Lugar Central) e Territorialidade, investigando possíveis mudanças ocorridas num período de 10 anos; acompanhar a dieta dos moradores sob a perspectiva de nicho ecológico, verificando também eventuais alterações neste mesmo período, especialmente no que concerne ao consumo de proteína animal; investigar como os moradores desta comunidade alocam seu tempo entre as diversas atividades diárias e, finalmente, realizar uma abordagem etnotaxonômica de mamíferos, nas comunidades da Praia do Puruba e Sertão do Puruba. O estudo de pesca artesanal evidenciou uma diminuição na quantidade de pescado capturado, refletindo em alterações nas tecnologias utilizadas e no objetivo da pesca, a qual deixou de ser voltada à comercialização. A dieta local também sofreu alterações após 10 anos. Como um reflexo da diminuição da pesca, o consumo de peixes diminuiu, embora este ainda seja a principal fonte de proteína animal. Além disso, fatores como alterações da renda per capta e a incorporação de novos hábitos trazidos por neo-residentes (antigos turistas que se estabeleceram no local) também podem ser responsáveis por alterações nos hábitos alimentares. O estudo de alocação de tempo sugere um padrão bem demarcado de atividades para homens, mulheres e jovens (adolescentes e crianças), com clara definição de papéis. Aos homens cabem principalmente as atividades econômicas, enquanto mulheres ficam responsáveis pelas atividades domésticas. Embora jovens tenham maior tempo livre em relação aos adultos, as garotas (entre 6 e 15 anos de idade) ia apresentam uma maior proporção de atividades domésticas, enquanto as crianças (entre 1 e 5 anos de idade I r_ II dedicam a maior parte do tempo ao Jazer. O modelo empregado (Regressão Logística Múltipla - Logit) para determinar os fatores de influência no tempo de Jazer não se mostrou suficiente para explicar o padrão encontrado, embora tenha evidenciado a importância dos fins de semana, da idade e do estado civil (especialmente os homens) como fatores que influenciam positivamente o tempo destinado ao lazer. O estudo de etnotaxonomia evidenciou que as denominações dos mamíferos são, na maior parte das vezes, feitas por monomiais, o que se dá, no caso de algumas espécies, pela ausência de outras espécies similares na área. Binomiais, quando utilizados com alta concordância pela maioria dos entrevistados, referem-se, na maior parte das vezes, a espécies que têm ou já tiveram relevância na alimentação. Fatores ecológicos como habitat e guilda são os principais critérios utilizados pelos entrevistados na formação de etnofamílias de mamíferos. Concluindo, o presente estudo sugere que a comunidade em questão vem passando por profundas alterações no seu modo de vida, evidenciadas por mudanças na pesca e na alimentação, desencadeadas por fatores sócio-ambientais, como o aumento da exploração dos estoques pesqueiros pela pesca comercial, restrições na utilização do ambiente e crescimento do turismo. Alternativas de manejo devem ser propostas com rapidez, a fim de que seja possível conciliar o desenvolvimento econômico e turístico já em andamento com a manutenção do modo de vida local, de forma que não haja perda total da resiliência ambiental e socialAbstract: São Paulo coast still has the presence of caiçaras (descendants of Indians and Portuguese) who inhabit the region, surviving, originally, from fishery and slash-and-burn agriculture (especially cassava crop). Caiçaras exhibit a wide contact and dependence on natural environment, being thus of interest to human ecology studies. In this context, the objectives of the present study were: analyzing the artisanal fishery realized by the caiçara community of Praia do Puruba, focusing on ecological theories like Optimal Foraging and Territoriality; following up people's diet under the perspective of ecological niche, and also verifying eventual modifications in the same period, especially related to animal protein consumption; investigating how the dwellers of this community allocate their time among the different daily activities and, finally, realizing a mammal ethnotaxonomic approach in the communities of Praia do Puruba and Sertão do Puruba. The study of artisanal fishery showed a decrease in the amount of fish caught, reflecting in changes in the techniques used and in the fishery goal, which is not destined to commercialization anymore. The local diet also suffered alterations afier 10 years. As a consequence of fishery decrease, the fish consumption decreased, although this is still the main source of animal protein. Moreover, factors like alterations in per capita income and the embodied of new habits brought by tourists and new-dwellers may also be responsible for modifications in the food habits. The time allocation study suggests a well-established pattern of activities to men, women and young people (teenagers and children), with a clear definition of roles. Men are responsible for economic activities, while women are responsible for domestic activities. Although young people have more free time when compared to adults, the girls (6 to 15 years old) already show a significant proportion of domestic activities, while children (1 to 5 years old) set aside the greatest part of their time to leisure. The model used (Multiple Logistic Regression-Logit) to determine the factors acting on leisure time was not enough to explain the observed pattem, even though it tns evidenced the importance of weekends, age and civil status (especially men), as factors that positively affect the time destined to leisure. The ethnotaxonomic study made clear that the mammals' designations are, in the majority, done by monomials. In the case of some species, this occurs because of the absence of similar species in the area. Binomials, when used with high agreement by the majority of the interviewed people, refer mainly to species that have had prominence in the nourishment. Ecological factors like habits and guilds are the main criteria used by the interviewed people during the mammal ethnofamilies formations. Concluding, the present study suggests that this community is suffering deep alterations in its life style, evidenced by changes in the fishery and ín the nourishment. Such alterations have been dríving by socio-environmental factors like the increase in harvesting of fish stocks by commercial fishery, restrictions in the environmental utilízation and the growing of tourism. Management alternatives must be proposed fast, in order to make possible the conciliation of economic and touristic development, which are already in course, with the maintenance of locallife style, so that a complete loss of environmental and social resilience can be avoided.MestradoMestre em Ecologi