Desempenho produtivo e econômico do pirarucu (Arapaima gigas) em diferentes sistemas de alimentação proteicos

Trabalho de Conclusão de Curso apresentado ao Departamento de Engenharia de Pesca da Fundação Universidade Federal de Rondônia – UNIR, como requisito para a obtenção do título de Engenheiro de Pesca. Orientadora: Prof.ª Dra. Jucilene Cavali Coorientador: Prof. Dr. Marlos Olireira PortoA aquicultura brasileira apresentou crescimento significativa nos últimos anos, houve uma busca por espécies com potencial para cativeiro e aprimoramento das técnicas para as espécies já cultivadas, o ambiente e a nutrição tem importante papel, principalmente quando os peixes são cultivados em altas densidades e habito alimentar carnívoros. O pirarucu, devem ser alimentados três vezes por dia com taxas 7 a 3% do peso vivo com com ração extrudada contendo 36 a 50% PB, de pellets com tamanhos que se elevam a 30 mm no final do periodo de engorda. Objetivando a avaliar o desempenho produtivo e econômico de pirarucu em diferentes sistemas de alimentação, cultivados em viveiro escavados. A pesquisa foi desenvolvida na base de piscicultura Carlos Eduardo Matiaze, Campus de Presidente Médici, Fundação Universidade Federal de Rondônia no período de agosto de 2013 a julho de 2014. O viveiro utilizado de 800 m², de renovação continua da água em 0,5 m³/h. O experimento foi em delineamento inteiramente casualidade em cinco tratamentos três repetições e seis animais de peso médio 500 g, por repetição, o manejo alimenta foi definido em até 110 dias em nível de proteína Bruta (36, 38,40 42 e 45 %), e sistemas de alimentação; S 36:32, S 38:34, S 40:36, S 42:38 e S 45:40, em 225 e 310 dias sem complementação de peixes forrageiros, os parâmetros de Ph, Oxigênio e temperatura, foram mensurados semanalmente com auxílio de uma sonda multiparâmetro, ao 120 dias foi realizado analise em laboratório. O peso médio do pirarucu em 110 dias mostrou-se com maior desempenho para o sistema S40:36 de alimentação, obteve o peso máximo de 4,441 g. Aos 310 dias de cultivo, o sistema S40:36, resulto no peso final de 9,076 g, apresentarem 13,63 % a mais em ganho de peso, este não diferiu ( P<0,05 ) dos sistemas S 36:32, S 38:34, S 42:38 e S 45:40, que apresentaram média de 7,987 g. Aos 110 dias de cultivo que antecedem a eutrofização da água, o sistema S40:36, composto pelo nível proteico intermediário das rações (40 – 36 % PB), apresentou o maior desempenho produtivo e a segunda maior viabilidade econômica. O maior ponto de equilíbrio ocorreu no sistema menos proteico S36:32 que dos 99 aos 263 dias de cultivo apresentou o maior retorno econômico aos 165 dias de cultivo (R$1,38 por quilo de peixe produzido), resultando em um montante de R$ 13,800 por hectare. Aos 310 dias de cultivo nenhum sistema apresentou viabilidade econômica, a menor participação do animal no custo de produção foi de 19 %, ao termino do cultivo o item mais representativo na composição do custo operacional efetivo de produção foram os alevinos, representando 68,6%. O ponto nivelamento revelou que o peso economicamente viável para os sistemas S40:36 e S36:32, é de 6 a 7 kg. O custo inicial do alevino demonstrou-se, impactante na composição do custo e o gasto com a ração nas altas taxas de arraçoamento adotadas comprometeram o sistema de cultivo, impactando na qualidade da água interferindo no consumo e desempenho dos animais nos diferentes sistemas, especialmente os mais proteicos

DINÂMICA NICTEMERAL EM VIVEIRO DE PISCICULTURA COM MACRÓFITAS AQUÁTICAS NO CULTIVO DE PIRARUCU

As macrófitas aquáticas podem ser utilizadas para estabilizar os parâmetros limnológicos em pisciculturas. Avaliou-se os parâmetros oxigênio dissolvido (mg L-1), pH, temperatura (°C) e condutividade (µs cm-1) da água em um viveiro escavado sob cultivo do Arapaima gigas (SCHINZ, 1822), com presença e ausência de macrófitas aquáticas. O desenvolvimento do estudo foi no Centro de Piscicultura Carlos Eduardo Matiazze, Universidade Federal de Rondônia, Presidente Médici-RO. Os niveis de oxigênio dissolvido demonstraram que a presença de macrófitas aquáticas elevaram seu o teor em água. A temperatura se manteve com médias normais para regiões tropicais. O pH manteve-se neutro durante os períodos do estudo, e a condutividadeapresentou tendência de redução nos períodos do final da tarde e na presença de macrófitas aquáticas no viveiro. A presença controlada de macrófitas aquáticas nos viveiros pode manter os parâmetros limnológicos estáveis. O que proporcionou melhores condições de cultivo ao pirarucu

Evaluation of the antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects of the acetone extract from Anacardium occidentale L

The stem bark of Anacardium occidentale L. (Anacardiaceae), commonly called cashew, is used in Brazilian traditional medicine for the treatment of gastric and inflammatory disorders. The present study was carried out to investigate the in vivo anti-inflammatory activities of the acetone extract (AE) of the stem bark of A. occidentale. We evaluated the pharmacological activities of this plant material through the analgesic, antiedematogenic and chemotaxic inhibitory effects produced by the AE. The oral administration (p.o.) of mice with the AE (0.1, 0.3 and 1.0 g/kg) or positive control indomethacin (10 mg/kg) inhibited acetic acid-induced writhing by 18.9, 35.9, 62.9 and 68.9%, respectively (ID50% = 530 mg/kg). The highest dose of the AE was able to inhibit croton oil-induced ear edema formation by 56.8% (indomethacin at 10 mg/kg, p.o. - 57.6% inhibition). When submitted to the carrageenan-induced peritonitis test, the AE (0.1, 0.3 and 1.0 g/kg, p.o.) impaired leukocyte migration into the peritoneal cavity by 24.8, 40.5 and 49.6%, respectively. The positive control, dexamethasone (2 mg/kg, s.c.), inhibited leukocyte migration by 66.9%. These results indicate the presence of anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive principles in the acetone extract of Anacardium occidentale, and reinforce the plant's potential therapeutic use against pain and inflammatory diseases.As cascas do caule do Anacardium occidentale L. (Anacardiaceae), conhecido como cajueiro, são popularmente utilizadas no Brasil para o tratamento de doenças gástricas e inflamatórias. Este estudo teve como objetivo a avaliação farmacológica in vivo da atividade antiinflamatória do extrato acetônico (AE) obtido das cascas do A. occidentale, investigando os efeitos analgésico, antiedematogênico e inibitório sobre a quimiotaxia deste material botânico. A administração oral (p.o.) em camundongos com o AE (0,1; 0,3 e 1 g/kg) ou o controle positivo indometacina (10 mg/kg) inibiu as contorções abdominais induzidas pelo ácido acético em 18,9; 35,9; 62,9 e 68,9% respectivamente (ID50% = 530 mg/kg). Esta maior dose do AE também inibiu o edema de orelha produzido pelo óleo de cróton em 56,8% (indometacina, 10 mg/kg, p.o. - 57,6% de inibição). No teste da peritonite induzido pela carragenina, o AE (0,1; 0,3; e 1,0 mg/kg, p.o.) reduziu a migração de leucócitos para a cavidade peritoneal em 24,8; 40,5; e 49,6% respectivamente, enquanto que o controle positivo dexametasona (2 mg/kg, s.c.) inibiu a migração de leucócitos em 66,9%. Estes resultados indicam a presença de princípios ativos antiinflamatórios e antinociceptivos no extrato acetônico de Anacardium occidentale e reforçam o potencial terapêutico da planta em doenças que envolvem dor e inflamação

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear un derstanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5–7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8–11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world’s most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepre sented in biodiversity databases.13–15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may elim inate pieces of the Amazon’s biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological com munities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple or ganism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region’s vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most ne glected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lostinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear understanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5,6,7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8,9,10,11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world's most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepresented in biodiversity databases.13,14,15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may eliminate pieces of the Amazon's biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological communities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple organism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region's vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most neglected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lost

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear understanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5,6,7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8,9,10,11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world's most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepresented in biodiversity databases.13,14,15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may eliminate pieces of the Amazon's biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological communities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple organism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region's vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most neglected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lost

ATLANTIC EPIPHYTES: a data set of vascular and non-vascular epiphyte plants and lichens from the Atlantic Forest

Epiphytes are hyper-diverse and one of the frequently undervalued life forms in plant surveys and biodiversity inventories. Epiphytes of the Atlantic Forest, one of the most endangered ecosystems in the world, have high endemism and radiated recently in the Pliocene. We aimed to (1) compile an extensive Atlantic Forest data set on vascular, non-vascular plants (including hemiepiphytes), and lichen epiphyte species occurrence and abundance; (2) describe the epiphyte distribution in the Atlantic Forest, in order to indicate future sampling efforts. Our work presents the first epiphyte data set with information on abundance and occurrence of epiphyte phorophyte species. All data compiled here come from three main sources provided by the authors: published sources (comprising peer-reviewed articles, books, and theses), unpublished data, and herbarium data. We compiled a data set composed of 2,095 species, from 89,270 holo/hemiepiphyte records, in the Atlantic Forest of Brazil, Argentina, Paraguay, and Uruguay, recorded from 1824 to early 2018. Most of the records were from qualitative data (occurrence only, 88%), well distributed throughout the Atlantic Forest. For quantitative records, the most common sampling method was individual trees (71%), followed by plot sampling (19%), and transect sampling (10%). Angiosperms (81%) were the most frequently registered group, and Bromeliaceae and Orchidaceae were the families with the greatest number of records (27,272 and 21,945, respectively). Ferns and Lycophytes presented fewer records than Angiosperms, and Polypodiaceae were the most recorded family, and more concentrated in the Southern and Southeastern regions. Data on non-vascular plants and lichens were scarce, with a few disjunct records concentrated in the Northeastern region of the Atlantic Forest. For all non-vascular plant records, Lejeuneaceae, a family of liverworts, was the most recorded family. We hope that our effort to organize scattered epiphyte data help advance the knowledge of epiphyte ecology, as well as our understanding of macroecological and biogeographical patterns in the Atlantic Forest. No copyright restrictions are associated with the data set. Please cite this Ecology Data Paper if the data are used in publication and teaching events. © 2019 The Authors. Ecology © 2019 The Ecological Society of Americ

DINÂMICA NICTEMERAL EM VIVEIRO DE PISCICULTURA COM MACRÓFITAS AQUÁTICAS NO CULTIVO DE PIRARUCU

As macrófitas aquáticas podem ser utilizadas para estabilizar os parâmetros limnológicos em pisciculturas. Avaliou-se os parâmetros oxigênio dissolvido (mg L-1), pH, temperatura (°C) e condutividade (µs cm-1) da água em um viveiro escavado sob cultivo do Arapaima gigas (SCHINZ, 1822), com presença e ausência de macrófitas aquáticas. O desenvolvimento do estudo foi no Centro de Piscicultura Carlos Eduardo Matiazze, Universidade Federal de Rondônia, Presidente Médici-RO. Os niveis de oxigênio dissolvido demonstraram que a presença de macrófitas aquáticas elevaram seu o teor em água. A temperatura se manteve com médias normais para regiões tropicais. O pH manteve-se neutro durante os períodos do estudo, e a condutividadeapresentou tendência de redução nos períodos do final da tarde e na presença de macrófitas aquáticas no viveiro. A presença controlada de macrófitas aquáticas nos viveiros pode manter os parâmetros limnológicos estáveis. O que proporcionou melhores condições de cultivo ao pirarucu

ECONOMIC AND PRODUCTIVE PERFORMANCE OF EARTH WORMS Eudrilus eugeniae ON DIFFERENT DIETARY SOURCES

Eudrilus eugeniae is a foreign species that is well adapted to captivity system adopted in Brazil. The objective was evaluate the productive and economic performance of earthworms in different substrates in two 100 days. In aim 1, the control substrate composed by cattle manure and forage grass (CMG) was supplemented with minerals (MM), soybean meal (SB) and ground corn (GC). The substrate containing GC was higher than in average weight (AW) of 127% and average weight gain (AWG) of 332% when compared to CMG substrate, superior in 193% AW and 252% AWG when compared to MM and 251% AW and 403% AWG when compared to the substrate with SB. In aim 2, were used different amounts of GC in substrate. The production of the substrate that contained 5% GC was superior in 9%, 12% and 20% with regard to those that had a composition of 10%, 15% and 20% of GC, respectively. As for the difference between the costs and the benefits of each of the substrates, the 5% GC substrate showed a positive return of BRL$35.32 for each BRL$1.00 invested and an economic performance that was 205% superior to MM, the second best option among substrates. 5% GC performed better and more efficient and economically viable production of worms.Eudrilus eugeniae is a foreign species that is well adapted to captivity system adopted in Brazil. The objective was evaluate the productive and economic performance of earthworms in different substrates in two 100 days. In aim 1, the control substrate composed by cattle manure and forage grass (CMG) was supplemented with minerals (MM), soybean meal (SB) and ground corn (GC). The substrate containing GC was higher than in average weight (AW) of 127% and average weight gain (AWG) of 332% when compared to CMG substrate, superior in 193% AW and 252% AWG when compared to MM and 251% AW and 403% AWG when compared to the substrate with SB. In aim 2, were used different amounts of GC in substrate. The production of the substrate that contained 5% GC was superior in 9%, 12% and 20% with regard to those that had a composition of 10%, 15% and 20% of GC, respectively. As for the difference between the costs and the benefits of each of the substrates, the 5% GC substrate showed a positive return of BRL$35.32 for each BRL$1.00 invested and an economic performance that was 205% superior to MM, the second best option among substrates. 5% GC performed better and more efficient and economically viable production of worms