Vanguard - A history

Discussing origin, course of development, and results of Vanguard Projec

Los heraldos negros en contacto con Nueva York: contexto histórico, traducciones al inglés e influencia en artistas norteamericanos

Although César Vallejo never traveled to New York in life, the feeling and emotion of his poetry has much in common with what was expressed by North American poets that lived in this city. This paper explores the similarities between The Black Heralds and the poetry produced in and around New York City from the early twentieth century. It also offers a summary of some of the most notable editions in English of The Black Heralds, their reviews, and the influence of Vallejo in North American literary circles today.Aunque César Vallejo nunca fue a Nueva York en persona, el sentimiento de su poesía tiene mucho en común con lo que expresaban los poetas norteamericanos que vivían en esa ciudad. Aquí se exploran los parecidos entre Los heraldos negros y la producción poética neoyorquina de principios del siglo XX. También se ofrece un resumen de las ediciones en inglés más importantes de Los heraldos negros, reseñas de estas, y la influencia vallejiana en los círculos literarios norteamericanos de hoy en día

Sentir la voz poética en Los heraldos negros

The article is based on the theory of M. H. Abrams “The four dimensions of a poem” (2012), which it highlights four levels of interpretation of a poem: literal, figurative, symbolic and physical. That is, entering this fourth stage of significance requires recogni­zing that a poem exists to to be read aloud and be heard. Thus, it is necessary to pay atten­tion to both the sound of the verses and the action of reciting them; even when we read a written poem, we must pay attention to the movement of the tongue, throat and mouth, –and also the sensation of words in the ears. Applying these ideas to The Black Heralds (1919) of César Vallejo, we see that from his early poetry the poet worked on the presence of the word and poetic creations in the real world of sounds, revelations, sensations, touches and emotions of ideas. In this way, we see the connection between abstract experimentation, transcendental exploration and social commitment.El artículo se basa en la teoría de M. H. Abrams “Las cuatro dimensiones de un poema” (2012) en el cual destaca cuatro niveles de interpretación de un poema: literal, figurativo, simbólico y físico. Es decir, entrar en esta cuarta etapa de significación requiere reconocer que un poema existe para leerlo en voz alta y escucharse. De este modo, es nece­sario prestar atención tanto al sonido de los versos como a la acción de recitarlos; es decir, aun cuando leemos un poema escrito, debemos prestar atención al movimiento de la lengua, la garganta y la boca, y también la sensación de las palabras en los oídos. Aplicando estas ideas a Los heraldos negros (1919) de César Vallejo, vemos que desde su poesía temprana el poeta trabajaba sobre la presencia de la palabra y las creaciones poéticas en el mundo real de los sonidos, revelaciones, sensaciones, toques y emociones de ideas. De esta mane­ra, vemos la conexión entre la experimentación abstracta, la exploración trascendental y el compromiso social

Leer a Vallejo desde Valle-Inclán

Este trabajo explorará las conexiones entre César Vallejo y Ramón María del Valle-Inclán (1866-1936), novelista, dramaturgo y poeta español. Ya se ha notado que Vallejo se inspiró en uno de los versos de Valle-Inclán para el título de su novela, Fabla salvaje (1923). Sin embargo, la conexión entre estos dos escritores es aún más profunda. Basándose en el uso del esperpento, expuesto en la obra de teatro Luces de bohemia (publicada por primera vez en 1920, y en versión definitiva en 1924), se hará una comparación con los textos teatrales de Vallejo, en particular con su obra Entre las dos orillas corre el río (comenzada en 1930 bajo el título Moscú contra Moscú) y varias colecciones de tratados sobre el valor y la función del teatro. En los dos autores el esperpento, efectivamente, representa la dificultad de evolucionar entre generaciones, de transicionar entre el pasado y el futuro. Mientras en Valle-Inclán los personajes sufren físicamente para superar el plano ético, en Vallejo vemos que lo físico y lo ético no se separan, sino que profundizan la complejidad del existir en el tiempo. Tanto en el arte como en la política, el progreso se ve limitado por las condiciones físicas que inscriben y demarcan toda experiencia humana

Матеріали до генеалогії священого роду Кудрицьких

In this study a direct comparison was made between non-invasive and non-ventilated unrestrained whole body plethysmography (Penh) (conscious animals) and the invasive ventilated lung resistance (RL) method (anaesthetized animals) in both mild and severe allergic airway inflammation models. Mild inflammation was induced by intraperitoneal sensitization and aerosols of ovalbumin. Severe inflammation was induced by intraperitoneal sensitization using trinitrophenyl-ovalbumin, followed by intranasal challenges with IgE-allergen complexes. A significant increase in airway responsiveness to methacholine was observed in the mild inflammation group when RL was measured. Significant changes in both RL and Penh were observed in the severe inflammation groups. There was a significant increase in the number of inflammatory cells in the Broncho-Alveolar Lavage Fluid (BALF) in both the mild and severe inflammation animals. The enforced ventilation of the animals during the RL measurement further increased the number of cells in the BALF. IL-2 and RANTES levels in the BALF were higher in the severe inflammation groups compared to the mild inflammation groups. Penh gave only reliable measurements during severe airway inflammation. Measuring RL gave consistent results in both mild and severe allergic airway inflammation models however, ventilation induced an additional cell influx into the airways

Eosinophils Are Important for Protection, Immunoregulation and Pathology during Infection with Nematode Microfilariae

Eosinophil responses typify both allergic and parasitic helminth disease. In helminthic disease, the role of eosinophils can be both protective in immune responses and destructive in pathological responses. To investigate whether eosinophils are involved in both protection and pathology during filarial nematode infection, we explored the role of eosinophils and their granule proteins, eosinophil peroxidase (EPO) and major basic protein-1 (MBP-1), during infection with Brugia malayi microfilariae. Using eosinophil-deficient mice (PHIL), we further clarify the role of eosinophils in clearance of microfilariae during primary, but not challenge infection in vivo. Deletion of EPO or MBP-1 alone was insufficient to abrogate parasite clearance suggesting that either these molecules are redundant or eosinophils act indirectly in parasite clearance via augmentation of other protective responses. Absence of eosinophils increased mast cell recruitment, but not other cell types, into the broncho-alveolar lavage fluid during challenge infection. In addition absence of eosinophils or EPO alone, augmented parasite-induced IgE responses, as measured by ELISA, demonstrating that eosinophils are involved in regulation of IgE. Whole body plethysmography indicated that nematode-induced changes in airway physiology were reduced in challenge infection in the absence of eosinophils and also during primary infection in the absence of EPO alone. However lack of eosinophils or MBP-1 actually increased goblet cell mucus production. We did not find any major differences in cytokine responses in the absence of eosinophils, EPO or MBP-1. These results reveal that eosinophils actively participate in regulation of IgE and goblet cell mucus production via granule secretion during nematode-induced pathology and highlight their importance both as effector cells, as damage-inducing cells and as supervisory cells that shape both innate and adaptive immunity

Oral tolerance inhibits pulmonary eosinophilia in a cockroach allergen induced model of asthma: a randomized laboratory study

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Antigen desensitization through oral tolerance is becoming an increasingly attractive treatment option for allergic diseases. However, the mechanism(s) by which tolerization is achieved remain poorly defined. In this study we endeavored to induce oral tolerance to cockroach allergen (CRA: a complex mixture of insect components) in order to ameliorate asthma-like, allergic pulmonary inflammation.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>We compared the pulmonary inflammation of mice which had received four CRA feedings prior to intratracheal allergen sensitization and challenge to mice fed PBS on the same time course. Respiratory parameters were assessed by whole body unrestrained plethysmography and mechanical ventilation with forced oscillation. Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BAL) and lung homogenate (LH) were assessed for cytokines and chemokines by ELISA. BAL inflammatory cells were also collected and examined by light microscopy.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>CRA feeding prior to allergen sensitization and challenge led to a significant improvement in respiratory health. Airways hyperreactivity measured indirectly via enhanced pause (Penh) was meaningfully reduced in the CRA-fed mice compared to the PBS fed mice (2.3 ± 0.4 vs 3.9 ± 0.6; p = 0.03). Directly measured airways resistance confirmed this trend when comparing the CRA-fed to the PBS-fed animals (2.97 ± 0.98 vs 4.95 ± 1.41). This effect was not due to reduced traditional inflammatory cell chemotactic factors, Th2 or other cytokines and chemokines. The mechanism of improved respiratory health in the tolerized mice was due to significantly reduced eosinophil numbers in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (43300 ± 11445 vs 158786 ± 38908; p = 0.007) and eosinophil specific peroxidase activity in the lung homogenate (0.59 ± 0.13 vs 1.19 ± 0.19; p = 0.017). The decreased eosinophilia was likely the result of increased IL-10 in the lung homogenate of the tolerized mice (6320 ± 354 ng/mL vs 5190 ± 404 ng/mL, p = 0.02).</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>Our results show that oral tolerization to CRA can improve the respiratory health of experimental mice in a CRA-induced model of asthma-like pulmonary inflammation by reducing pulmonary eosinophilia.</p

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Leer a Vallejo desde Valle-Inclán

Este trabajo explorará las conexiones entre César Vallejo y Ramón María del Valle-Inclán (1866-1936), novelista, dramaturgo y poeta español. Ya se ha notado que Vallejo se inspiró en uno de los versos de Valle-Inclán para el título de su novela, Fabla salvaje (1923). Sin embargo, la conexión entre estos dos escritores es aún más profunda. Basándose en el uso del esperpento, expuesto en la obra de teatro Luces de bohemia (publicada por primera vez en 1920, y en versión definitiva en 1924), se hará una comparación con los textos teatrales de Vallejo, en particular con su obra Entre las dos orillas corre el río (comenzada en 1930 bajo el título Moscú contra Moscú) y varias colecciones de tratados sobre el valor y la función del teatro. En los dos autores el esperpento, efectivamente, representa la dificultad de evolucionar entre generaciones, de transicionar entre el pasado y el futuro. Mientras en Valle-Inclán los personajes sufren físicamente para superar el plano ético, en Vallejo vemos que lo físico y lo ético no se separan, sino que profundizan la complejidad del existir en el tiempo. Tanto en el arte como en la política, el progreso se ve limitado por las condiciones físicas que inscriben y demarcan toda experiencia humana