A PRÁTICA SEXUAL E O ENVELHECIMENTO

Qualitative, descriptive, exploratory study objectifying: to know whether sexual practice is exercised among the elderlypopulation; to identify factors that interfere in men’s and women’s sexual relationship; to identify which strategies are used by themto continue sexually active. Eighteen (18) elders, participants in UNATI – Alfenas, Minas Gerais State/ Brazil, were interviewed. Usingthe thematic content analysis, three categories were identified: aging - from acceptance to dissatisfaction - aging is positively coped. Theexercise of sexuality, menopause, erectile dysfunction, routine or lack of a partner are contributors for not exercising it. Culture, religionand education also influence sexuality. Coping in order to improve sexual life - visual stimulus strategies and replacement of sex foraffectionate touch were appointed. Sexual practice continues being exercised if the elderly are physically fit and have a partner. Sexualityremains in their lives, regardless the sexual act, by means of affectionate touch and affection exchanges.Estudio cualitativo, descriptivo, exploratorio con el objetivo de saber si existe la práctica sexual en el envejecimiento;identificar factores que interfieren en la relación; y saber las estrategias que los ancianos utilizan a fin de seguir siendo sexualmenteactivos. Fueron entrevistados 18 ancianos que participan en UNATI-MG. Por medio del análisis de contenido temático, fueronidentificadas tres categorías: Envejecer – de la aceptación a la insatisfacción: el envejecimiento es enfrentado positivamente por lamayoría. El ejercicio de la sexualidad con el envejecimiento – mujeres apuntan la menopausia, la rutina o falta de pareja como contribuyentesen las alteraciones sexuales; ya los hombres citan alteraciones de la frecuencia y erección. Enfrentamiento para mejorar la vida sexual:estrategias de estímulo visual y sustitución del sexo por la caricia fueron usadas. La práctica sexual continúa siendo ejercida si el ancianotiene condiciones físicas y pajera. La sexualidad permanece en sus vidas, independiente del acto sexual, como forma de caricia y cambiosde afecto.Estudo qualitativo, descritivo e exploratório, com o objetivo de conhecer se a prática sexual é exercida em uma populaçãode idosos; identificar fatores que interferem no relacionamento sexual homem e mulher; identificar quais estratégias são utilizadas porestes para continuarem a ser sexualmente ativos. Entrevistamos 18 idosos que participam da UNATI em Alfenas-MG. Mediante aanálise de conteúdo temática identificamos três categorias: Envelhecer: da aceitação à insatisfação, em que o envelhecimento é enfrentadopositivamente. O exercício da prática sexual, a menopausa, a disfunção eréctil, a rotina ou a falta de parceiros são fatores para o nãoexercício da mesma. A cultura, religião e a educação também influenciam na sexualidade. Enfrentamento para melhorar a vida sexual, o usode estímulo visual e substituição do ato sexual por carícias. A prática sexual continua sendo exercida se o idoso tem condições físicas eparceiro. A sexualidade permanece em suas vidas, independentemente do ato sexual, por meio de carícias e trocas de afeto

Geography and ecology shape the phylogenetic composition of Amazonian tree communities

AimAmazonia hosts more tree species from numerous evolutionary lineages, both young and ancient, than any other biogeographic region. Previous studies have shown that tree lineages colonized multiple edaphic environments and dispersed widely across Amazonia, leading to a hypothesis, which we test, that lineages should not be strongly associated with either geographic regions or edaphic forest types.LocationAmazonia.TaxonAngiosperms (Magnoliids; Monocots; Eudicots).MethodsData for the abundance of 5082 tree species in 1989 plots were combined with a mega-phylogeny. We applied evolutionary ordination to assess how phylogenetic composition varies across Amazonia. We used variation partitioning and Moran's eigenvector maps (MEM) to test and quantify the separate and joint contributions of spatial and environmental variables to explain the phylogenetic composition of plots. We tested the indicator value of lineages for geographic regions and edaphic forest types and mapped associations onto the phylogeny.ResultsIn the terra firme and várzea forest types, the phylogenetic composition varies by geographic region, but the igapó and white-sand forest types retain a unique evolutionary signature regardless of region. Overall, we find that soil chemistry, climate and topography explain 24% of the variation in phylogenetic composition, with 79% of that variation being spatially structured (R2 = 19% overall for combined spatial/environmental effects). The phylogenetic composition also shows substantial spatial patterns not related to the environmental variables we quantified (R2 = 28%). A greater number of lineages were significant indicators of geographic regions than forest types.Main ConclusionNumerous tree lineages, including some ancient ones (>66 Ma), show strong associations with geographic regions and edaphic forest types of Amazonia. This shows that specialization in specific edaphic environments has played a long-standing role in the evolutionary assembly of Amazonian forests. Furthermore, many lineages, even those that have dispersed across Amazonia, dominate within a specific region, likely because of phylogenetically conserved niches for environmental conditions that are prevalent within regions

Geography and ecology shape the phylogenetic composition of Amazonian tree communities

Aim: Amazonia hosts more tree species from numerous evolutionary lineages, both young and ancient, than any other biogeographic region. Previous studies have shown that tree lineages colonized multiple edaphic environments and dispersed widely across Amazonia, leading to a hypothesis, which we test, that lineages should not be strongly associated with either geographic regions or edaphic forest types. Location: Amazonia. Taxon: Angiosperms (Magnoliids; Monocots; Eudicots). Methods: Data for the abundance of 5082 tree species in 1989 plots were combined with a mega-phylogeny. We applied evolutionary ordination to assess how phylogenetic composition varies across Amazonia. We used variation partitioning and Moran\u27s eigenvector maps (MEM) to test and quantify the separate and joint contributions of spatial and environmental variables to explain the phylogenetic composition of plots. We tested the indicator value of lineages for geographic regions and edaphic forest types and mapped associations onto the phylogeny. Results: In the terra firme and várzea forest types, the phylogenetic composition varies by geographic region, but the igapó and white-sand forest types retain a unique evolutionary signature regardless of region. Overall, we find that soil chemistry, climate and topography explain 24% of the variation in phylogenetic composition, with 79% of that variation being spatially structured (R$^{2}$ = 19% overall for combined spatial/environmental effects). The phylogenetic composition also shows substantial spatial patterns not related to the environmental variables we quantified (R$^{2}$ = 28%). A greater number of lineages were significant indicators of geographic regions than forest types. Main Conclusion: Numerous tree lineages, including some ancient ones (>66 Ma), show strong associations with geographic regions and edaphic forest types of Amazonia. This shows that specialization in specific edaphic environments has played a long-standing role in the evolutionary assembly of Amazonian forests. Furthermore, many lineages, even those that have dispersed across Amazonia, dominate within a specific region, likely because of phylogenetically conserved niches for environmental conditions that are prevalent within regions

Mapping density, diversity and species-richness of the Amazon tree flora

Using 2.046 botanically-inventoried tree plots across the largest tropical forest on Earth, we mapped tree species-diversity and tree species-richness at 0.1-degree resolution, and investigated drivers for diversity and richness. Using only location, stratified by forest type, as predictor, our spatial model, to the best of our knowledge, provides the most accurate map of tree diversity in Amazonia to date, explaining approximately 70% of the tree diversity and species-richness. Large soil-forest combinations determine a significant percentage of the variation in tree species-richness and tree alpha-diversity in Amazonian forest-plots. We suggest that the size and fragmentation of these systems drive their large-scale diversity patterns and hence local diversity. A model not using location but cumulative water deficit, tree density, and temperature seasonality explains 47% of the tree species-richness in the terra-firme forest in Amazonia. Over large areas across Amazonia, residuals of this relationship are small and poorly spatially structured, suggesting that much of the residual variation may be local. The Guyana Shield area has consistently negative residuals, showing that this area has lower tree species-richness than expected by our models. We provide extensive plot meta-data, including tree density, tree alpha-diversity and tree species-richness results and gridded maps at 0.1-degree resolution

Geography and ecology shape the phylogenetic composition of Amazonian tree communities

Aim: Amazonia hosts more tree species from numerous evolutionary lineages, both young and ancient, than any other biogeographic region. Previous studies have shown that tree lineages colonized multiple edaphic environments and dispersed widely across Amazonia, leading to a hypothesis, which we test, that lineages should not be strongly associated with either geographic regions or edaphic forest types. Location: Amazonia. Taxon: Angiosperms (Magnoliids; Monocots; Eudicots). Methods: Data for the abundance of 5082 tree species in 1989 plots were combined with a mega‐phylogeny. We applied evolutionary ordination to assess how phylogenetic composition varies across Amazonia. We used variation partitioning and Moran's eigenvector maps (MEM) to test and quantify the separate and joint contributions of spatial and environmental variables to explain the phylogenetic composition of plots. We tested the indicator value of lineages for geographic regions and edaphic forest types and mapped associations onto the phylogeny. Results: In the terra firme and várzea forest types, the phylogenetic composition varies by geographic region, but the igapó and white‐sand forest types retain a unique evolutionary signature regardless of region. Overall, we find that soil chemistry, climate and topography explain 24% of the variation in phylogenetic composition, with 79% of that variation being spatially structured (R2 = 19% overall for combined spatial/environmental effects). The phylogenetic composition also shows substantial spatial patterns not related to the environmental variables we quantified (R2 = 28%). A greater number of lineages were significant indicators of geographic regions than forest types. Main Conclusion: Numerous tree lineages, including some ancient ones (>66 Ma), show strong associations with geographic regions and edaphic forest types of Amazonia. This shows that specialization in specific edaphic environments has played a long‐standing role in the evolutionary assembly of Amazonian forests. Furthermore, many lineages, even those that have dispersed across Amazonia, dominate within a specific region, likely because of phylogenetically conserved niches for environmental conditions that are prevalent within regions

Author correction: One sixth of Amazonian tree diversity is dependent on river floodplains

In the version of the article initially published, the affiliation of Edgardo Manuel Latrubesse was incorrect and has now been amended to Environmental Sciences Graduate Program-CIAMB, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil in the HTML and PDF versions of the article

Mapping density, diversity and species-richness of the Amazon tree flora

Using 2.046 botanically-inventoried tree plots across the largest tropical forest on Earth, we mapped tree species-diversity and tree species-richness at 0.1-degree resolution, and investigated drivers for diversity and richness. Using only location, stratified by forest type, as predictor, our spatial model, to the best of our knowledge, provides the most accurate map of tree diversity in Amazonia to date, explaining approximately 70% of the tree diversity and species-richness. Large soil-forest combinations determine a significant percentage of the variation in tree species-richness and tree alpha-diversity in Amazonian forest-plots. We suggest that the size and fragmentation of these systems drive their large-scale diversity patterns and hence local diversity. A model not using location but cumulative water deficit, tree density, and temperature seasonality explains 47% of the tree species-richness in the terra-firme forest in Amazonia. Over large areas across Amazonia, residuals of this relationship are small and poorly spatially structured, suggesting that much of the residual variation may be local. The Guyana Shield area has consistently negative residuals, showing that this area has lower tree species-richness than expected by our models. We provide extensive plot meta-data, including tree density, tree alpha-diversity and tree species-richness results and gridded maps at 0.1-degree resolution

One sixth of Amazonian tree diversity is dependent on river floodplains

Amazonia’s floodplain system is the largest and most biodiverse on Earth. Although forests are crucial to the ecological integrity of floodplains, our understanding of their species composition and how this may differ from surrounding forest types is still far too limited, particularly as changing inundation regimes begin to reshape floodplain tree communities and the critical ecosystem functions they underpin. Here we address this gap by taking a spatially explicit look at Amazonia-wide patterns of tree-species turnover and ecological specialization of the region’s floodplain forests. We show that the majority of Amazonian tree species can inhabit floodplains, and about a sixth of Amazonian tree diversity is ecologically specialized on floodplains. The degree of specialization in floodplain communities is driven by regional flood patterns, with the most compositionally differentiated floodplain forests located centrally within the fluvial network and contingent on the most extraordinary flood magnitudes regionally. Our results provide a spatially explicit view of ecological specialization of floodplain forest communities and expose the need for whole-basin hydrological integrity to protect the Amazon’s tree diversity and its function

Análise do programa de humanização no pré-natal e nascimento no município de Capitólio, Minas Gerais

Este é um estudo quantitativo descritivo que tem como objetivo realizar uma análise do Programa de Humanização do Pré-natal e Nascimento em Capitólio-MG. Utilizou-se como metodologia o levantamento de dados secundários do Sisprenatal, sendo analisado os percentuais de 563 gestantes por períodos pré-estabelecidos. Os resultados encontrados indicam variações dos indicadores durantes os sete períodos avaliados. O município atingiu as metas previstas pelo Ministério da Saúde durante os dois primeiros anos do Programa. Em relação à captação precoce, o último período apresentou o menor percentual. A efetivação das seis consultas de pré-natal, a consulta de puerpério e a realização de todos os exames, incluindo o VDRL foram crescentes até o quarto período, mas sofreu decréscimos nos períodos seguintes. A imunização foi em sua maioria crescente. A realização do teste anti-HIV foi superior a 95% em todos os períodos analisados. A partir destes resultados, foi possível levantar os prováveis problemas que interferem na qualidade do Programa. Verificou-se que é necessária uma reestruturação da atenção ao pré-natal no município para melhorar seus indicadores. O desenvolvimento de ações de promoção, prevenção e assistência às gestantes, tais como: ampliação do acesso, qualidade da assistência prestada, capacitação das equipes, contratação de profissionais especializados, implantação das linhas guias do Ministério da Saúde e maior articulação das políticas públicas são medidas que devem ser aplicadas para que a adesão ao pré-natal seja efetiva