A Quest for Consistency: The Meaning of \u27Direct\u27 in the Foreign Trade Antitrust Improvements Act

This note argues that the United States courts need to apply a more consistent interpretation of the meaning of direct within the context of the Foreign Trade Antitrust Improvements Act (FTAIA). The FTAIA serves to apply U.S. antitrust law, specifically the Sherman Act, to trade or commerce with foreign nations. One scenario in which this law may be applied is when trade or commerce with a foreign nation has a direct, substantial, and reasonably foreseeable effect on domestic commerce. However, courts purport to apply different standards to determine whether an effect is direct, leading to confusion and inconsistency. Contributing to this is an apparent lack of substantive difference between the two leading tests of directness. In order to provide for consistent application of the FTAIA, and thus facilitate U.S. business interests in an increasingly globalized economy, courts need to adopt a consistent, practical approach to directness in the context of the FTAIA

Cosmic Call Tech – A hands-on space radio workshop for students in secondary education

The DLR_School_Lab Braunschweig, Germany, organized an amateur radio contact with an astronaut on board the International Space Station (ISS) for students from five different schools for the third time. While the contact itself was always an exciting event for the participating students our goal was to increase the sustainability in learning with a deeper understanding of the technology used for the radio contact. As a result, we present our concept for engaging with the students and preparing them for the actual radio contact with an inexpensive hands-on space radio workshop that was conducted remotely via video conferencing and thus is independent in regard to distance between the lecturer and the group. During the workshop the students built their own ground station to receive amateur radio satellites and the ISS. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic the workshop could not be conducted fully as an in-person learning experience. To overcome this obstacle, we chose a hybrid approach. Each session started with a short introductory lecture using a video conferencing software. After the introduction the students worked in groups following a written guide which we provided. During the rest of the session we assisted online in case of any questions or technical difficulties. We also supplied the schools with a Raspberry Pi single board computer, an inexpensive software defined radio and some coaxial cables for building antennas. The tasks necessary building the ground station included setting up the hardware, configuring the software and building antennas. The written guide gave detailed information on how to complete the individual steps. It also provided some optional more in-depth information on propagation of electromagnetic fields, antenna theory and orbital mechanics to accommodate the range of participating school forms with different levels of proficiency and wide range of age of the students participating. The students were very motivated to take part in this workshop, even as an extracurricular activity during their spare time. The students as well as the teachers involved also highlighted the interesting and useful lectures and the professional support via video conferencing software. This kind of hybrid approach was a new and innovative learning experience for the schools. Our workshop offered the students an introduction to radio technology and space which would be otherwise beyond most teachers’ knowledge and capabilities. We demonstrated that such a workshop can be realized over distance besides pandemic conditions broadening the field of schools that can be involve

Rancang Bangun Body Fibercarbon dan Simulasi Aerodinamis dengan Ansys untuk Mobil Hemat Energi Kategori Prototype

Body is one of mandatory components for the main vehicle, which is a car because the face of the car is located on the body. Moreover, the car used for the body competition must not only be good visually but also have to look at its aerodynamics. In this study, discussing the aerodynamics of a prototype energy-efficient car body with carbon fiber material before it is produced and applied it must first be simulated aerodynamically on an aerodynamic simulation software. The vehicle to be simulated uses a 1:1 scale assuming the actual conditions. From the simulations carried out by the three body type models, the results are Model 1 with maximum Velocity of 64.0925 m/s and a maximum pressure of 1663.09 Pa and a Drag coefficient of: 309.85976, Lift coefficient of: 125.52961, Drag force of : 189.7891 N and Lift force of: 76.886889 N. Model 2 with a maximum Velocity of 58.14 m/s and a maximum pressure of 1350.55 Pa, Drag coefficient of : 399.09712, Lift coefficient of: 455.23564 , Drag force of : 244.44699N and Lift force of: 278.83183 N. Model 3 with a maximum Velocity of 59.8387 m/s and a maximum pressure of 1136.72 Pa, Drag coefficient of : 610,89875, Lift coefficient of: 764,99562, Drag force of: 374,17548 N and Lift force of: 468,55982 N. Based on results analysis using ansys software, Model 1 was chosen because it has the smallest Drag Coefficient, Lift Coefficient, Drag Force and Lift Force