Viruses Infecting Trees and Herbs That Produce Edible Fleshy Fruits with a Prominent Value in the Global Market: An Evolutionary Perspective

Trees and herbs that produce fruits represent the most valuable agricultural food commodities in the world. However, the yield of these crops is not fully achieved due to biotic factors such as bacteria, fungi, and viruses. Viruses are capable of causing alterations in plant growth and development, thereby impacting the yield of their hosts significantly. In this work, we first compiled the world′s most comprehensive list of known edible fruits that fits our definition. Then, plant viruses infecting those trees and herbs that produce fruits with commercial importance in the global market were identified. The identified plant viruses belong to 30 families, most of them containing single-stranded RNA genomes. Importantly, we show the overall picture of the host range for some virus families following an evolutionary approach. Further, the current knowledge about plant-virus interactions, focusing on the main disorders they cause, as well as yield losses, is summarized. Additionally, since accurate diagnosis methods are of pivotal importance for viral diseases control, the current and emerging technologies for the detection of these plant pathogens are described. Finally, the most promising strategies employed to control viral diseases in the field are presented, focusing on solutions that are long-lasting

Viruses Infecting Trees and Herbs That Produce Edible Fleshy Fruits with a Prominent Value in the Global Market: An Evolutionary Perspective

Trees and herbs that produce fruits represent the most valuable agricultural food commodities in the world. However, the yield of these crops is not fully achieved due to biotic factors such as bacteria, fungi, and viruses. Viruses are capable of causing alterations in plant growth and development, thereby impacting the yield of their hosts significantly. In this work, we first compiled the world′s most comprehensive list of known edible fruits that fits our definition. Then, plant viruses infecting those trees and herbs that produce fruits with commercial importance in the global market were identified. The identified plant viruses belong to 30 families, most of them containing single-stranded RNA genomes. Importantly, we show the overall picture of the host range for some virus families following an evolutionary approach. Further, the current knowledge about plant-virus interactions, focusing on the main disorders they cause, as well as yield losses, is summarized. Additionally, since accurate diagnosis methods are of pivotal importance for viral diseases control, the current and emerging technologies for the detection of these plant pathogens are described. Finally, the most promising strategies employed to control viral diseases in the field are presented, focusing on solutions that are long-lasting

Bioactive compounds and enzymatic activity of red vegetable smoothies during storage

Changes in the polyphenoloxidase (PPO), peroxidase (POD), pectinmethylesterase (PME) and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) activities, total phenolics content (TPC) and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) on two red fresh vegetable smoothies (R1 and R2) based on tomato, red pepper, broccoli and carrot stored at 5 and 20 °C were monitored. A conventional thermal treatment of 3 min at 80 °C was applied to extend shelf life. The initial PPO, POD, and PME activities of R1/R2 smoothies (58/83, 0.023/0.020, and 1.50/0.38 kg−1 fresh weight (fw)) were 100 % reduced after thermal treatment and maintained at zero levels during storage up to 40 and 58 days at 20 and 5 °C, respectively. Initial PAL activities of R1/R2 smoothies of 7.3/11.5 μmol cinnamic acid formed kg−1 h−1 were reduced in a 65–70 % after thermal treatment. The initial TPC of R1/R2 smoothies were 404/462 mg GAE kg−1 fw, and it was not significantly affected after the thermal treatment. No great TPC degradation during storage was observed either at 5 or 20 °C. The initial TAC of R1/R2 smoothies were 301/373 mg Trolox equivalent kg−1 fw which was increased 62/77 % after the thermal treatment. The TAC showed a similar behavior to TPC during storage being those two parameters satisfactorily correlated (r 2 = 0.69–0.88). In conclusion, the thermal treatment inactivated the studied quality-degrading enzymes. Health-promoting compounds were well preserved during 58 days at 5 °C and 40 days at 20 °C in red fresh vegetable smoothies

An Overview of PRR- and NLR-Mediated Immunities: Conserved Signaling Components across the Plant Kingdom That Communicate Both Pathways

Cell-surface-localized pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) and intracellular nucleotide-binding domain and leucine-rich repeat receptors (NLRs) are plant immune proteins that trigger an orchestrated downstream signaling in response to molecules of microbial origin or host plant origin. Historically, PRRs have been associated with pattern-triggered immunity (PTI), whereas NLRs have been involved with effector-triggered immunity (ETI). However, recent studies reveal that such binary distinction is far from being applicable to the real world. Although the perception of plant pathogens and the final mounting response are achieved by different means, central hubs involved in signaling are shared between PTI and ETI, blurring the zig-zag model of plant immunity. In this review, we not only summarize our current understanding of PRR- and NLR-mediated immunities in plants, but also highlight those signaling components that are evolutionarily conserved across the plant kingdom. Altogether, we attempt to offer an overview of how plants mediate and integrate the induction of the defense responses that comprise PTI and ETI, emphasizing the need for more evolutionary molecular plant–microbe interactions (EvoMPMI) studies that will pave the way to a better understanding of the emergence of the core molecular machinery involved in the so-called evolutionary arms race between plants and microbes